Contenu du sommaire : La censure aux Etats-Unis.
Revue | Revue française d'études américaines |
---|---|
Numéro | no 52, mai 1992 |
Titre du numéro | La censure aux Etats-Unis. |
Texte intégral en ligne | Accessible sur l'internet |
- Présentation - Maurice Couturier p. 4 pages
La censure et le Ier amendement
- Le Ier amendement à la Constitution et la « confirmation » des juges à la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis - Vincent Michelot p. 10 pages Following the Robert Bork fiasco in 1987 critics voiced their concern over the increasing « politicization » of the procedure of Supreme Court nominations. As is often the case after the Senate rejects a nomination, the legal community made proposals to take the political out of the procedure and restore the whole event to the dignity which would become the highest court of the land. Since 1939 Supreme Court nominations have become a national political event during which constitutional issues are publicly discussed. The purpose of this article is to show that such proposals could very well lead to violations of the First Amendment and so to acts of censorship of the political debate which would inevitably lead to a constitutional imbalance.
- L'interprétation par la Cour suprême de la liberté d'expression d'après le Ier amendement de la Constitution des Etats-Unis pendant la période maccarthyste - Françoise Weil p. 12 pages As a result of infringements of First Amendment freedom of expression and association during McCarthyism, the decisions handed down by the Supreme Court in famous cases showed that it failed to counterbalance the two other branches of government. This is an investigation into the composition of the Court and its judicial approaches, as well as into the standards it applied to subversive advocacy and the scope protection it granted to First Amendment freedoms in such a context of crisis. At the same time it emphasizes the fragility of democracies.
- Speech, Act and the Right to Offend, in their First Amendment Context - John Atherton p. 12 pages La Cour suprême reconnaît une limite à la liberté d'expression lorsque celle-ci est une incitation à un acte illégal, ou que la parole elle-même constitue un acte préjudiciable. Toutefois, la liberté d'expression jouit d'une protection accrue quand entrent en jeu des questions touchant à l'intérêt public ou que les propos diffamatoires visent un groupe. Les critères ainsi établis doivent être rapprochés des critères mis en œuvre dans la répression de l'obscénité. La tolérance de la Cour à l'égard de paroles injurieuses a été récemment remise en cause par une génération de juristes soucieux d'introduire le respect d'autrui dans le discours public.
- Le Ier amendement à la Constitution et la « confirmation » des juges à la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis - Vincent Michelot p. 10 pages
La censure et les médias
- "La première Constitution d'Haïti et la presse américaine : étude de cas" - Marie-Jeanne Rossignol p. 12 pages This paper tries to explain why the articles concerning slavery and freedom in the first Constitution of Haïti were omitted when the text appeared in the Richmond Enquirer on July 23, 1805. The sources of the editor are not to be blamed. There are two reasons for his deliberate omissions : as a Republican supporter, he downplayed the contradictions of his party (which the missing articles highlighted) ; as a Southerner, he adopted the new consensus imposing silence about slavery. By truncating the original text, he heralded the official censorship that was soon to pervade the South.
- Un cas de censure par la médiatisation : les séances de la commission Hendrickson sur l'industrie des comic books - Jean-Paul Gabilliet p. 12 pages Between 1947 and 1956, a sizable number of comic book titles were regarded as questionable reading material by parents, experts and authorities. In response to the phenomenon, the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency held hearings on illustrated magazines in 1954. Although the Subcommittee eventually recommended no federal legislation, it singled out certain comic books as likely scapegoats for juvenile delinquency ; the negative publicity thereby generated forced most publishers to resort to self-censorship to circumvent local bans against comics.
- "La première Constitution d'Haïti et la presse américaine : étude de cas" - Marie-Jeanne Rossignol p. 12 pages
Censure et cinéma
- Art et censure chez Chaplin - Francis Bordat p. 13 pages In one shot from The Face on the Bar Room Floor (1914), observance of the proprieties is shown to have stimulated the director's art of composition and staging, and to have served rather than stifled his eroticism : Chaplin's side-stepping leads him to enrich his mise en scène, and to give expression to even more subtle and secret layers of Charlie's libido. Further analysis of a sequence from A Woman of Paris (1923), whose theme and visual motifs echo the scene from The Face, shows découpage and elliptic editing identically spurred by the pressures of (self) censorship.
- The last temptation of Christ et l'« affaire » Scorsese - André Muraire p. 12 pages Scorsese draws a personal portrait of Christ tempted to « get off the cross and live the rest of His life as a normal human being ». The scandal created was not so much due to its « pornographic » content as to the suggestion that Christ might have been tempted to renounce his sacrifice. This paper presents the anti-Temptation campaign as an illustration of the violence that may be generated by blind, noninstitutional, fundamentalist censorship at local (possibly level, and to show how such censorship is primarily a matter of local pressure usually counterbalanced by the power of Federal constitutional authority.
- On the Role of « Theory » in American Academic Censorship - Gerald Butler p. 9 pages Les intellectuels américains se sont approprié la théorie française de façon erronnée afin de transformer les idéaux collectifs américains en orthodoxie de censure. Ils considèrent la littérature comme le moyen d'imposer des valeurs collectives « correctes » plutôt qu'un instrument au service de l'individu qui se trouve en conflit avec le groupe ; la sexualité, qui déclenche de tels conflits, a toujours été décriée. En dénigrant les classiques humanistes, la nouvelle orthodoxie maltraite les textes qu'elle tente de « canoniser » et fait que les classiques qui sont trop subversifs sexuellement ne soient accessibles qu'à une élite économique.
- Art et censure chez Chaplin - Francis Bordat p. 13 pages
Comptes rendus de lecture
- Claude Richard. — Edgar Allan Poe écrivain (textes réunis par Henri Justin, en collaboration avec Michel Gresset et Philippe Jaworski) - Régis Durand p. 2 pages
- Kathleen E. Kier. — A Melville Encyclopedia: The Novels - Charles Caramello p. 1 page
- Michael J. Kiskis. — Mark Twain's Own Autobiography: The Chapters from the North American Review - Bernard Poli p. 2 pages
- Richard Godden. — Fictions of Capital: The American Novel from James to Mailer - Annick Duperray p. 1 page
- Peter Heidtmann. — Loren Eiseley: A Modem Ishmael - Marcienne Rocard p. 2 pages
- Yves-Charles Grandjeat, Elyette Andouard-Labarthe, Christian Lerat, Serge Ricard. — Écritures hispaniques aux Etats-Unis : Mémoire et mutations - Jean Cazemajou p. 1 page
- Melissa Walker. — Down from the Mountaintop: Black Women's Novels in the Wake of the Civil Rights Movement, 1966-1989 - Claude Julien p. 2 pages
- Martin Staniland. — American Intellectuals and African Nationalists, 1955-1970 - Claude Julien p. 1 page
- Pierre Melandri & Jacques Portes. — Histoire intérieure des Etats-Unis au XXe siècle - Pierre Denain p. 1 page
- Jean Heffer. — Les Etats-Unis de Truman à Bush - Bernard Vincent p. 1 page
- Nelcya Delanoë & Joëlle Rostkowski. — Les Indiens dans l'histoire américaine. Coll. Histoire thématique des Etats-Unis - Malie Montagutelli p. 1 page
- Mick Gidley & Kate Bowles, eds. — Locating the Shakers - Jeanne Louis p. 2 pages
- William S. McFeely. — Frederick Douglass - Claude Julien p. 1 page
- Serge Ricard. — Théodore Roosevelt : Principes et pratiques d'une politique étrangère - Jacques Portes p. 2 pages
- Judith N. Shklar. — American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion - Jean Rivière p. 1 page