| Titre | Les dates de bans de vendange à Dijon : établissement critique et révision archivistique d'une série ancienne | |
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| Auteur | Thomas Labbé, Fabien Gaveau | |
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Revue | Revue historique |
| Numéro | no 657, janvier 2011 | |
| Page | 19-51 | |
| Résumé |
La date d'ouverture des bans de vendange est depuis longtemps considérée comme un indicateur de première importance pour l'histoire du climat. Les archives de la ville de Dijon possèdent la plus longue série de ce type connue à ce jour dans le monde, permettant de couvrir une période allant de 1385 à 1906 sans grandes lacunes. Très célèbre, l'établissement de cette série, effectué en grande partie par Jules Lavalle en 1855, repris par Alfred Angot qui l'augmenta de la fenêtre 1842-1879 n'avait pourtant jamais été révisé depuis, alors que les normes de critique du XIXe siècle ne correspondent pas toujours aux exigences actuelles. Le nouveau travail de compilation proposé ici, selon des critères plus stricts, s'est achevé sur la mise en évidence de 132 divergences plus ou moins notables entre cette nouvelle et l'ancienne série. Nous nous sommes attachés également à caractériser les grandes respirations de l'histoire sociale, propres aux pratiques de la viticulture dijonnaise sur ce temps long. Sont apparues des vendanges sans doute ouvertes de manière artificiellement précoce jusqu'au milieu du XVIe siècle, des vendanges ouvertes à maturité générale entre XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, et un retour à des cueillettes à plus grande précocité après la Révolution. Les conclusions climatiques s'en trouvent affinées. En outre, le coefficient de corrélation moyen (R = 0,630) entre les dates d'ouverture des vendanges à Dijon et les données thermométriques (avril à septembre) disponibles de 1676 à 1905 confirme la bonne fiabilité en ce sens de l'indicateur constitué par les bans. Source : Éditeur (via Cairn.info) |
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| Résumé anglais |
The opening date of the grape harvest (banns harvest) is for long known as an important indicator to reconstruct past climate, specially concerning non- instrumental periods. Very famous, the longest banns harvest series in the world belongs to the municipal archives of Dijon (France, Burgundy), and covers, almost without hiatus, a period between 1385 and 1905. This series has been first compiled by Jules Lavalle in 1855 and then has been completed by Alfred Angot in 1883, until the year 1879. Since these works, the data have never been verificated again when the XIXth century critical criteria of compilation don't fit anymore with those of the XXIth century. Furthermore, if the project of Alfred Angot was to reconstruct a climate history, it was not the main idea of Jules Lavalle, who wrote at this time a history of Burgundy wine and certainly used data coming not only from Dijon but also from different localities on the Burgundy wine coast. It is known however that a gap of several days occur each year in the opening of the harvest from south to north on this coast, along wich Dijon is located at the extreme north. The new data series proposed here, elaborated according to more precise criteria (we just concentrate on the documentation concerning Dijon), gives 132 differences with the ancient, more or less appreciable. We gave also a special attention to all social changes that could induced variations of grape harvest opening on this long time. The anthropic constraint –so wine history in Dijon– has then been analyzed too, to be able to read with more details the variation of dates. It shows that for social reasons, the banns were certainly opened a little earlier respect to the perfect fruits's ripeness until the middle of the xvith century. In this first period, the grape harvest time on the all city's territory went on 13 days in average, finishing by the more prestigious vineyards and beginning by the little ones. The declaration of the first bann –the date given in the series– was then certainly brought forward respect to the entire maturity, wich was reserved for the best vineyards. From the xviith to the xviiith century, the opening date was obviously well synchronized with the general maturity of fruits on the entire territory of the city. The gap between the opening of the banns and the end of the grape harvest was then just of three days or less. In the XIXth century appears a come back to some more precocity to obtain a bigger production. Nevertheless, if these observations allow to analyze with more precise details the variation of the opening dates in Dijon, the correlation rate (R = 0.630) between these dates and existing thermometric datas from 1676 to 1905 (april-september) confirms the high reliability of grape harvest dates to reconstruct past climate variabilities. In this field, the parallel remains obvious. Source : Éditeur (via Cairn.info) |
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| Article en ligne | http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHIS_111_0019 |
