| Titre | Eléments ottomans dans la physionomie géographique de la Cyrénaïque | |
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| Auteur | Xavier de Planhol | |
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Revue | Bulletin de l'Association de Géographes Français |
| Numéro | no 429-430, 1975 | |
| Rubrique / Thématique | Séance du 6 décembre 1975 |
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| Page | 353-363 | |
| Résumé |
Resume. - Entre la réoccupation de Tripoli (1835) et la conquête italienne (1911), le gouvernement ottoman entreprit une politique de création de postes militaires et de divisions administratives en Cyrénalque. Après une première étape qui consista en la construction de forts en 1851-1852 (Al-Marj, Al-Qayqab) le long de la principale route intérieure joignant Benghazi à Derna, un réseau cohérent de centres administratifs (muduriyet) avait été établi avant le début du vingtième siècle. On examine les conditions géographiques et politiques qui déterminèrent leurs emplacements ; on discute leurs relations avec les foyers préexistants de cristallisation du peuplement tribal, et en particulier la situation des postes ottomans par rapport aux zaouias Senoussi. Autour de Benghazi, dans une région où le réseau des muduriyet atteignait son maximum de densité et où l'autorité turque régnait sans conteste, les établissements ottomans sont strictement intercalés entre les zaouias. Dans d'autres cas, sur le haut plateau (Cyrène, Bishâra), les muduriyet étaient établies à proximité immédiate des zaouias. Typique est le cas de Al-Haniyya, dont la zaouia était un actif centre politique. Le poste ottoman était construit sur une petite colline juste en face de la zaouia, dans le dessein évident de la contrôler. Cependant d'autres établissements étaient encore fixés simplement pour des raisons stratégiques (Bumba). La seule tentative de colonisation de peuplement fut l'établissement des mou- hadjir Cretois de Marsa Susâ (1897). On étudie la structure de l'implantation primitive, ainsi que l'évolution ultérieure, caractérisée notamment par une pénétration en petits groupes sur le plateau dès avant la conquête italienne. En conclusion l'auteur tente d'évaluer le médiocre héritage de la période ottomane dans la physionomie géographique actuelle de la Cyrénaïque. Source : Éditeur (via Persée) |
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| Résumé anglais |
Abstract. - Ottoman features in the geographical physionomy of Cyrenaica. Between the reoccupation of Tripoli (1835) and the Italian conquest (1911), the Ottoman government undertook a policy of creation of military posts and administrative divisions in Cyrenaica. After a first stage consisting in the building of forts (Al-Marj, Al-Qayqab) in 1851-1852 along the main inner road from Benghazi to Derna, a coherent network of administrative centers (muduriyet) had been established up to the beginning of the XX th century. The geographical and political conditions which determined their sites are examined, their relationships with the preexisting nucleus of the tribes are discussed, particularly the situation of the Ottoman posts as to the Sanusi lodges (zawiya). Around Benghazi, in a region where the net of muduriyets reached its maximum density and where the Turkish authority was unchallenged, Ottoman settlements are strictly intermingled between the lodges, and always separated from them. In other cases, on the high plateau (Cyrene, Bishâra), the muduriyets were established close to the zawiyas. A typical case is Al-Haniyya, whose lodge was an active political center. The Ottoman post was built on a small hill just opposite to the lodge, in the obvious purpose of controling it. However, other settlements were still established merely for strategical reasons (Bumba). The sole attempt to a settlement colonization was the establishment of the Cretan muhajirs at Marsa Susâ (1897). The structure of the primitive nucleus, and the subsequent evolution, characterized specially by a penetration in small groups on the plateau long before the Italian conquest, are studied. In conclusion, the author attempts to appraise the scanty legacy of the Ottoman period in the present geographical physionomy of Cyrenaica. The geographical and political conditions which determined their sites are examined, their relationships with the preexisting nucleus of the tribes are discussed, particularly the situation of the Ottoman posts as to the Sanusi lodges (zawiya). Around Benghazi, in a region where the net of muduriyets reached its maximum density and where the Turkish authority was unchallenged, Ottoman settlements are strictly intermingled between the lodges, and always separated from them. In other cases, on the high plateau (Cyrene, Bishâra), the muduriyets were established close to the zawiyas. A typical case is Al-Haniyya, whose lodge was an active political center. The Ottoman post was built on a small hill just opposite to the lodge, in the obvious purpose of controling it. However, other settlements were still established merely for strategical reasons (Bumba). The sole attempt to a settlement colonization was the establishment of the Cretan muhajirs at Marsa Susâ (1897). The structure of the primitive nucleus, and the subsequent evolution, characterized specially by a penetration in small groups on the plateau long before the Italian conquest, are studied. In conclusion, the author attempts to appraise the scanty legacy of the Ottoman period in the present geographical physionomy of Cyrenaica. Source : Éditeur (via Persée) |
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| Article en ligne | https://www.persee.fr/doc/bagf_0004-5322_1975_num_52_429_4868 |
