Contenu du sommaire : Le problème de la domination étatique au Rwanda. Histoire et économie

J. Rwabukumba &ampamp;amp V. Mudandagizi - ~~Historical forms of personal dependency in the Rwanda kingdom~~. At the beginning of the 19th century the network of personal dependency between the ~~mwami~~ and the Tutsi lineages was based upon the 'armies' and the ritual functions. It is only at the end of Yuhi Gahindiro's reign (~~ca.~~ 1830) that other types of personal dependency, especially ~~ubuhake~~, were established, as shown by the traditional record of a lineage of Tutsi diviners.

C. Newbury — ~~Two Kinyaga lineages~~. Kinyaga, in S.W. Rwanda, did not corne under the direct authority of the mwami's administration before the end of the 19t.l1 cen-tury. This, as shown by the study of two lineages (one Tutsi, one Hutu), brought over some drastic changes in the kinship structure. Lineages lost their cohesion when their members shared the new roles and functions. The hierarchical cleavages lines eut through the kin groups, and a new vertical stratification took place between Tutsi and Hutu, later on to be strengthened by the colonial rulers whose basic aims were similar to those of the Tutsi.

L. Meschi —~~ Evolution ofland holding structures in Rwanda: the case of a Hutu lineage~~. The study of the evolution of the land estate of a Hutu lineage from 1850 on explains the reasons behind the economic individualism of Rwandese peasants.

C. Vidal — ~~The economies of Rwanda feudal society~~. The economic System characteristic of Rwanda's traditional structure was preserved up to 1920. This traditional structure was marked by a contradiction between the main ideological relationship, based upon several forms of personal links and the actual production relationship, based upon agricultural wage-earning. Especially the ~~ubuhake~~, represented as the basic political relationship, served as mask for a system of land-based dependency which Ml upon everybody except the chiefs.

J. Kagabo &ampamp;amp V. Mudandagizi — ~~Ballad of the 'clay-people': the Batwa of Rwanda. Three case-stories demon-strating the subservient position of the Batwa pygmies in Rwanda~~: a chief's litter-bearer, a potter and buffoon, and a relatively successful peasant. The Batwa have never been accepted as full-fledged members of Society even after the 1959 revolution.

S. Bizimana —~~ The imandwa's language in Rwanda~~. Description of the lexicon of the secret language of the ~~kubandwa~~ rite. Most items are either borrowed from peripheral dialects or used in a metaphoric sense.

V. Silvestre — ~~Socio-economic differences in an equality-oriented society~~. The officiai regulations governing ~~paysannats~~ were intended to turn them into equalitarian islands in a hierarchical society. Nevertheless after only a few years important differences have appeared between the members of Masaka paysannat. The factors of inequality are shown through a series of case studies: differences in soil fertility, availability of supplementary labour, supple-mentary income from non-agricultural work. There are also prestige factors such as strength of personality, literacy, etc., which resuit in the emergence of a recognized privileged group. Finally a rich man in Masaka is one who takes little part in the agricultural pursuits which are supposed to be essential in the ~~paysannat.~~

D. Newbury — ~~Rwabugiri's war-campaigns: a chronology and bibliography~~. A chronological and typological analysis of the military ventures of a mid-19th century ~~mwami.~~