Contenu du sommaire : Questions mondiales
| Revue |
Revue d'économie du développement  |
|---|---|
| Numéro | volume 26, no 2, juin 2012 |
| Titre du numéro | Questions mondiales |
| Texte intégral en ligne | Accessible sur l'internet |
- Vers un monde plus égal ? - Christian Morrisson, Fabrice Murtin p. 5-30
This article is based on a consistent data base for GDP per capita and for population in 32 countries or group of countries from 1700 to 2030. World inequality, that had been increasing since 1700, decreased between 1992 and 2008. An increase from nowadays to 2030 is unlikely. Since 1992, the number of poors in the world has decreased for the first time in world's history. Morevoer the number and the percentage of people in the middle class have increased dramatically. Finally there has been a change in the regional origin of the 10% most rich people in the world in favour of East Asia at the expense of the West. - L'essor et le déclin de l'Occident : une perspective géographique - Jean-Marie Grether, Claude Lutzelschwab, Nicole A. Mathys p. 31-56 This paper proposes a new representation of the worldwide distribution of human population and economic activity over two millennia. Combining the Maddison and the G-Econ databases, it tracks the evolution of the world's demographic and economic centers of gravity during the 12010 period. The distributional and temporal patterns that emerge are clear and contrasted, with a stable East-Asian predominance during the first eighteen centuries, followed by a boomerang-like westward shift during the last two centuries. New turning points are identified, suggesting that the reversal of the Western shift occurred as early as the 1920s in demographic terms and in the 1950s in economic ones.
- Concilier les politiques commerciales et les politiques climatiques - Jaime de Melo, Nicole A. Mathys p. 57-81 The outcome of the 15th conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in Copenhagen showed a shift from a top-down approach with a collective target favoring environmental objectives to a bottom-up accord favoring political feasibility. There is no meaningful binding agreement in sight, also because the global climate regime and the global trade policy regime appear to be on a collision course. Following a review of the challenges ahead, the paper argues that trade will have a second-order contribution to world-wide CO2 emissions. Evidence shows increasing carbon transfers through trade, but the magnitude of carbon leakage effects may be less than feared in some circles. Trade policy, however, will play a role in implementing climate mitigation policies in three areas: maintaining an open trading system and hence boosting growth and facilitating technology diffusion; leveling the playing field for countries that do not mitigate and as a strategic instrument to bring compliance and participation. The paper concludes that a climate agreement with a few guiding principles and leeway where much initial mitigation would first take place unilaterally or in small groups, as under the early days of the GATT, is the most promising way ahead. This would help preserve an open trading system as well as environmental integrity.
- La fin de l'aide publique au développement : les enjeux de l'action hyper-collective - Jean-Michel Severino, Olivier Ray p. 83-142
Au cours de la dernière décennie, une transformation radicale du nombre et du type d'intervenants s'est produite dans les industries de l'aide au développement, de l'humanitaire et des biens publics globaux, tant dans les pays dits « donateurs » que dans les pays dits « bénéficiaires ». Cette double tendance à la prolifération (l'augmentation du nombre d'intervenants) et à la fragmentation (l'éparpillement de l'activité des bailleurs) est caractéristique du glissement de l'action collective vers ce que nous appelons « l'action hyper-collective ». Si l'on peut se réjouir de l'énergie et des ressources supplémentaires permises par cette évolution, une importante perte d'efficacité en résulte. Nous soutenons dans cet article que le défi majeur pour la gouvernance des politiques publiques globales au cours des prochaines décennies consistera non pas à réduire la complexité, mais l'orienter vers plus d'efficacité.La Déclaration de Paris représente la première tentative d'envergure de traiter les défis de l'action « hyper-collective », mais ne constitue pas une base suffisamment solide pour l'action hyper-collective qu'exigent les politiques publiques globales en plein essor. Il convient d'élaborer un nouveau cadre conceptuel et développer des processus incitant la convergence d'actions initiées de façon décentralisée par de nombreux intervenants.Classification JEL : O10The end of official development assistance: the birth of hyper-collective action
The last decade has seen a radical transformation in the number and kind of actors involved in the development aid, international relief and global public goods industries – in both donor and recipient nations. This double trend of proliferation (i.e. the increase in the number of actors) and fragmentation (i.e. the scattering of donor activity) of international cooperation is characteristic of the shift from collective to ‘hyper-collective' action. While this evolution should be greeted with enthusiasm for the energy and additional resources it brings to global public policies, it carries important efficiency costs. In this paper, we argue that steering complexity towards efficiency is one of the prime challenges for the governance of global public policies in the decades to come. The Paris Declaration is the first large-scale effort to harness the ‘hyper-collective' in the development aid ecosystem. But it does not provide solid enough ground on which to build the kind of hyper-collective action that is required by the burgeoning global public policies. We argue that is time for a new conceptual framework to emerge, one which will help shape processes of local multi-actor convergence.
