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Native industries in rural areas Rural areas, to be understood in the wide sense of areas other than metropolitan ones, are ill-suited to the requirements of modern industry. Many « inherited industries » have proved unable to overcome the crisis of the 60 ies. However, an unexpected impulse of a spontaneous industry can be witnessed in overpopulated agricultural areas, where a latent spirit of enterprise does exist. The article deals with the various types of evolution : Black Forest, Swiss Jura, Bocage vendéen, Roannais, for the inherited industry ; France, Middle-Italy, Barren east, Taiwan for the spontaneous industry. The point of this survey is to show that native industry in rural areas can be viewed as an alternative to the development of marginal lands and of the third world.

In the urban area of Oyonnax, industry has known a very long period of intense growth. Now it seems to come into the Era of Crackings. A double evolution is undermining the system of Factory and breaks off the original features which were, not so long ago, the components of its strength. The first evolution takes place into the local industrial sphere, that cannot leave forever out-rule, at once about economic structures and in its relations to State and Law. The second evolution takes rather place out it and is developed in regard to the new International Division of Work, to which subsidiary industries have contributed in euphoria. These evolutions result in more or less achieved regroupings and in some failures. Crisis, cyclical or structural recessions... expressed opinions are divided.

Men and techniques in dairy -farming : The diffusion of bovine dairy -selecting in the Loire Dairy-selecting is linked to the promotion of cow-farming by means of a control of the performances of registered animals and genetic improvement. These innovations are spreading unequally throughout the Loire where initiatives still prevail in a human background which is rich in dynamic groups and in development skills. On many farm-estates the lack of tradition of heifer- rearing has brought about the setting-up of a real pedagogy of dairy -selecting and, along with it, a growing diversification of this organisation activities has come to life. In spite of a general development, the heterogeneous results which have been obtained up to now and the mixed composition of cattle give an idea of what is still to be achieved. In low mountain areas where members are numerous, support given to undertakings should constitute a capital element in a coherent land management plan.