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The application of the notion of integral management applied to the Loire basin leads to question the present projects which do not take into account the great natural balances and the interests of the local population. The political framework required for integral management exists, but there is as yet no perception of the collective interests concerned to put this framework to use.

The traditional landscape of Nara Basin, archetypical of the Japanese conception of space, is shaped by a development of hydraulics. The relative « water-deficiency » due to middling hydrological conditions but made worse by population growth, had from old times created a paddy-field irrigation system which was particulary complex and complicated, even for Japan. After the war, the development of the Yoshino-river, which is near the Nara Basin, was to ruin this collective organization by permitting an abundant, free and individual irrigation ; by this rural destructuration it takes part in the High-Growth in the Nara Basin. The water of the Yoshino river will not be retrieved by the industrialization but partially recevered by the ever-growing urbanization, while the agriculture paradoxically requires more in its struggle for higher productivity . Hydraulics shaping the new spatial logics or maintening the old ones remains one of the fundamental elements of landscape production in the Nara Basin.

The city of Manaus (640 000 inhabitants) is served by many airlines and some roads. But the goods traffic which is the main town function, on the whole still uses the river (2,7 M° t. instead of 0,2 M° t.). The fluvial front connects two ports and a commercial center surrounded by anarchically developping residential districts.

Traditional moorish society founded the organization of space upon a diversified and careful utilization of water. Recent social changes and drought have brought with them a new frame of space with its hopes and its contradictions.