Contenu du sommaire : Pouvoir et patrimoine au village - 2.

Pouvoir et patrimoine au village - Deuxième partie

• Les mécanismes de la transmission des patrimoines

  • Une méthode d'étude : la chrono-généalogie - François Thunin p. 5-13
    A Research Method: Chrono- Genealogy. The chrono-genealogical method is a procedure of graphie representation that associates a genealogy to facts of individual biography that occur in a time continuum. The method was elaborated to account for the imbrication of kinship ties and of social relationships in village communities, particularly as they relate to strategies of accession to municipal power. The method is here illustrated by two examples that show how municipal power transmitted within a family eventually becomes part of a patrimony.
  • Transmission du patrimoine et typologie de l'habitat rural alsacien - Marie-Claude Groshens p. 15-30
    On the Transmission of Patrimony: A Tentative Typology of Rural Dwelling in Alsatia. Morphological and functional criteria do but delineate an East/West scission, but they provide no answer as far as patrimonial transmission is concerned. The topic of the article was first elucidated in Kochersberg where a mode of "integral transmission" could be observed, which meant indeed a key-factor in a social system including close relations between its rural aristocracy and the Strasbourg bourgeoisie, and constant rural migration. Such a phenomenon pertains to medieval customs, the most important of which was the Ferrette County's: it advocated the rights of the youngest, a stand which, despite the laws, is still abided by nowadays in localities where such customs formerly prevailed. Matrimonial and successoral data lead to a typology set on judicial grounds, which sheds light on a North/West scission concerning the validity of the rights of the youngest. The division is all the more obvious in economically viable sub-regions. The problem of patrimonial transmission induced the author to set forth a tentative definition of the Hof (farm).
  • Stratégies de reproduction et accumulation des patrimoines fonciers - Michèle Salitot-Dion p. 31-48
    Strategies of Reproduction and the Accumulation of Landed Property. Do strategies concerning patrimony, as well as those concerning the transmission of a cultural patrimony, lead to the social and economic reproduction of certain classes, and do they perpetuate inequalities? The results of a survey among agriculturalists show that these factors are linked to heterogeneous forms of production. In family agriculture, a mode of reproduction less closely dependent on inheritance, the refusal on the part of a successor to persist in farming a property, as well as a generally weak cultural transmission, may lead to discontinuities. On the other hand, capitalist agriculture reveals a strong family continuity: the transmission of a large capital, cultural as well as economic, is a fundamental aspect of the social and economic reproduction of this type of formation, and a factor of inequality between different forms of agricultural production.
  • Connaissances techniques et patrimoine maritime - Aliette Geistdoerfer p. 49-58
    Technical Knowledge and Maritime Patrimony. Though the sea may become a territory, a patrimony, it can never be divided, limited or bounded like a landed property or chattel. Only those who have acquired the technical knowledge necessary to exploit the sea (i.e., the knowledge of its modifications and its depths) can "own" these territories; however, the economic and social system these fishermen live in does not allow them to own the produce of their labour. In the lies de la Madeleine (Quebec), this technical knowledge is transmitted through the family ties that link members of a crew, and the sea that surrounds this archipelago is thus divided into numerous named family territories recognized by all. depths) can "own" these territories; however, the economic and social system these fishermen live in does not allow them to own the produce of their labour. In the lies de la Madeleine (Quebec), this technical knowledge is transmitted through the family ties that link members of a crew, and the sea that surrounds this archipelago is thus divided into numerous named family territories recognized by all.

• Société globale, état et vie communale rurale

  • Évolution de l'exercice du pouvoir dans les villages du secteur frontalier franco-allemand de la Lauter - Gabriel Wackermann p. 59-70
    The Evolution of the Wielding of Power in the Villages next to the Franco-German Border Region along the hauler. The villages of the Franco-German border region along the Lauter, heir of old traditions and marked by an isolation increased for a long time by a closely watched border, form nowadays a field to the investigations of the typical social mutations shaking an area in which the power is changing under the influence of a multinational urban armature, spreading out under favour of endeavours at European economic integration. Under the sway of the clergy and of the notables the clergy sided along with, these villages, weakened in their structures, are quickly inserting themselves into a system of decisions bound to the urban control levers, independently of their national appurtenance.
  • Pouvoir municipal et notables à Gruissan, village du littoral languedocien - Irène Delupy p. 71-75
    Municipal Power and Notables in Gruissan, a Village of the Coastal Languedoc. Through the analysis of datas we can put into evidence the composition of the municipal councils from the beginning of this century till nowadays. Three main periods can be distinguished; they point out to the evolution of social structures and economic activities in spite of a relative social stability as far as employers and political parties are concerned. During the first period, the village is still characterized by its traditional activities — fishing, mercantile marine, salines, vinegrowing — ; mayors are thus belonging to the upper classes and are deeply rooted within the local group. During the second period, municipal councils represent the working population in a more significant way and are more respectful of its diversity; political belonging and personality are more decisive elements for the choice of a mayor, than social position within the village. During the third period, the members of the municipal council and the mayor are characterized by their participation to both national (administration) and local (kinship) structures. At the moment, the municipal council is going to undertake the local realization of a touristic planning, thus involving the village towards new prospects.
  • Patrimoine et gestion de l'espace rural : l'exemple de l'Espinouse - Bernard Kayser p. 77-91
    Patrimony and Spatial Organization of a Rural Area: The Case of the Espinouse. This article gives an account of the investigation carried out by a group of CNRS geographers on the Southern border of the Massif Central. It presents the problems declining rural collectivities have to face. These are deeply divided and literally besieged by the environing and "embracing" society. The outside power — lumbering administration, technocracy, private benefits — is wielded with ever increasing efficiency, thus dissolving traditional solidarities, through the collaboration of some notables, and leaving to a few resisting farms the shrinking space abandoned to the peasants. Installations of urban origin (such as sanitary services) and the ephemeral presence of the summer tourists are maintaining an appearance of local life, though alienating it completely as far as economic and ideological matters are concerned. technocracy, private benefits — is wielded with ever increasing efficiency, thus dissolving traditional solidarities, through the collaboration of some notables, and leaving to a few resisting farms the shrinking space abandoned to the peasants. Installations of urban origin (such as sanitary services) and the ephemeral presence of the summer tourists are maintaining an appearance of local life, though alienating it completely as far as economic and ideological matters are concerned.
  • Patrimoine et pouvoir symboliques des agriculteurs dépossédés - Guy Barbichon p. 93-100
    Dispossessed Farmers: and Symbolic Power. Agriculturalists forced to abandon farming are led, in the face of their agricultural community, to express symbolically their continued participation in rural activities, perpetuated in partial aspects. The meaning of these agricultural rural symbols is invers- ed by the active farmers, who read in them the mark of the urban values they themselves adhere to. This double illusion is linked to the fact that their village is still a major reference for the dispossessed farmers, whereas the active farmers identify with the town and the industrial society that englobes and transforms them. Rural women are the vectors of urban values and their vision coincides, reinforces and probably guides that of the active agriculturalists in their modernist attitudes, and accelerates the process of change. Individually, the ex-farmer plays out a private and intimate symbolic game, either in the country or in town, by concentrating on various items of the lost agricultural world. The intensity of the external symbolic game depends on the structure of the social relations of production specific to the rural collectivity within which they are enacted.
  • Pouvoirs en souffrance. Néo-ruraux et collectivités rurales du Pays de Sault oriental - Frédéric Garcia p. 101-108
    Power on Sufferance: New Residents and Rural Collectivities in the Eastern Pays de Sault. Traditionally a land of exodus, the Pyrenees have been affected within the last few years by an inverse migratory movement. Young, mostly urban immigrants are settling in cheaply acquired properties and despite difficulties persevere in carrying out rural or artisanal subsistence activities. Through the analysis of a village in the Pays de Sault, typical of the economic and demographic decline of certain Pyrenean areas, this study attempts to elucidate the meaning of power relationships within the village, and the difficulty of integrating new arrivals within the established system.

• Le nouveau pouvoir technique (encadrement, animation)

  • Pouvoir et patrimoine au travers des appareils d'encadrement de deux départements : le Calvados et la Corrèze - Pierre Bitoun, Pierre Alphandéry p. 109-120
    Power and Patrimony: Social Control Devices in two Départements, the Calvados and the Corrèze. The 5th Republic is reinforcing its means of organizing and containing agricultural producers. These social devices take specific forms in the different French provinces. The main resources in the Département of the Calvados, in Normandy, are breeding and cereal growing; tenant farming largely predominates. Here the social devices used by landowners have remained unified. Initially devised by the cereal producers, they have also, since 1960, intensified the production of milk and meat. Hence the changes that are affecting the system of production in these areas. In the Département of the Corrèze, in Central France, the social structures set up to organize and contain the peasantry have steadily intensified the political and agricultural trade-union bipolarity within this area of mixed farming and breeding. These structures are ill-adapted to an area which has not kept up with the various changes in French agriculture, and diversified strategies must therefore be adopted. that are affecting the system of production in these areas. In the Département of the Corrèze, in Central France, the social structures set up to organize and contain the peasantry have steadily intensified the political and agricultural trade-union bipolarity within this area of mixed farming and breeding. These structures are ill-adapted to an area which has not kept up with the various changes in French agriculture, and diversified strategies must therefore be adopted.
  • Capitalisme et métamorphoses du notable - Michel Robert p. 121-128
    Capitalism and the Metamorphoses of Notables. The fonction, the role and the very definition of the notable are submitted to deep transformations bound to the development of the capitalistic mode of production in the French countryside. In the Département of the Manche, since the beginning of this century, the traditional notables, whose archetype is the aristocratic landowner, must ineluctably give way to capitalistic businessmen. The study of the division of power within a dairy farm cooperative points out how the "ancients" (the chairman) are fighting against the irresistible rising to the "newcomers" (the manager) and what the conflicts resulting from such an opposition are.
  • L'animation du développement en milieu rural : un nouveau pouvoir ? - Paul Houée p. 129-137
    Social Planning and Social Work in Rural Areas: Toward a New Form of Power? In rural areas, social planning and social work constitute the first stage of development. It involved socio-cultural activities, technical innovations as well as the diffusion of improvements and rely upon the local authorities. Grouping a dozen villages around a small town it focuses the ascending movement of development and participates in the elaboration of the rural planning projects (PAR). Several of these social work and planning districts regroup around a large urban center in an area of development, framework of a new microregional power.

• Annexe

  • Expériences d'animation rurale - M. Lebot, Y. Lambert, J. Gillet, M.-A. Crozet, M. Martin p. 139-155
• Resumes/Abstracts - p. 157-173