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Pastoralism and Migration, the Peul of Barani and Dokui (Haute- Volta). In the 19th century, the Peul shepherds of the Western Haute-Volta became warriors. New sociopolitical conditions ensuing from the colonisation sent them back to their status of shepherds, with the result that they changed their diagnostic upon Nature. A new behaviour, based on mobility, then appeared as the search for an ever-challenged balance between population and resources.

Genesis and Evolution of the Rural Dwelling in Bas-Chari, Chad. Four main types of villages are to be found among the Choa Arabs of Bas-Chari in Chad. It is suggested in the article that they correspond to four historical stages in the process of transition from nomadism to sedentarity. Thus, the author does not properly go on an assumption, but on a line of research in which historians as well as ethnologists and linguists might be interested. This is proof that the contribution of geographers to a pluridisciplinary investigation may assume many aspects, and be determinant of the general trend of collective work.

The Great Cultivation Enterprises and Peasant Promotion in Ivory Coast. The Ivory Coast Government, aware of the preponderance of agriculture in national economy, undertook a series of sectorial operations on the morrow of independence. Support could be obtained from State or joint societies, the SODE, which were promoted and consolidated, each crop separately. As a rule, the social and economic aim assigned to each of them was the peasant productivity and promotion. Actually, they may be classified along a scale sliding from plain production to plain officering. The four cases presented in this paper do exemplify the different levels of the peasantry's insertion into, and participation in, those societies' undertakings. The first one scarcely allows them any room and part in the decision-making; but, on the contrary, in the fourth one — where crops are grown on individual lots — they bear full responsibility for the production. Whatever the part peasants may be granted, whatever the "agreement" they may be offered, their promotion is but casual, it is just a "means" to them — sometimes out of sheer fatality. Besides, is it not Utopian, indeed, to claim that human development can be achieved through sectorial operations?

About the Evolution of Rural Population in South-Cameroun : Two Cases. It would be wrong to think that correcting the mechanisms of the natural population growth by stating the influence of emigration is enough to explain the present evolution of African rural population. This paper shows that, for various reasons, these populations are a prey to an intensive mobility; the sheer comparison of rough datas does not leave this fact to be surmised. The results of two enquiries led at an interval of twelve years in two Cameroun villages make it possible to explain, and disclose the true signification of, the growth of the one and the stagnation of the other.

The Orange-Groves and Market-Gardens at Ambohijafy. An Uncommon Sight in the Plains of Tananarive. The Plains of Tananarive are composed of two areas: the lowlands (about 4,200 feet above sea-level) which can be flooded and are devoted to rice-growing; and the hills (tanety) overlooking these lowlands by 70-850 feet. Most often, people grow subsistence crops on these hills (such as cassava plants, yams. . .), but for about 50 years and particularly since the end of the last war, part of the tanety cultivated land has been devoted to market-gardening and fruit-growing. Ambohijafy village concentrates on that marketable produce in the small valleys penetrating into the mass of the hill, and on the lower slopes. That cultivation, particularly that of citrus fruit, gives the Ambohijafy area quite a particular look and above all provides the villagers with high income as compared to loca conditions. Ambohijafy, supplying the market of Tananarive, gives us an uncommon image of the relations between a village and a large city in Madagascar, an image of "active dependence".