Contenu du sommaire
Revue | Etudes rurales |
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Numéro | no 75, 1979 |
Texte intégral en ligne | Accessible sur l'internet |
- L'organisation économique et spatiale d'une communauté paysanne préhistorique : le groupe de Fontbouisse en Bas-Languedoc - Jean Gasgó p. 5-16 Economic and Spatial Organization of a Prehistoric Peasant Community: the Group of Fontbouisse in Bas-Languedoc. The Chalcolithic is a period in the prehistory of agrarian societies which is caracterized in the Bas-Languedoc by the development of highly organized peasant communities: the group of Fontbouisse which builts villages whose houses have dried-mud stone walls. These concentrated settlements are located according to an elaborated economic system based on grain cultivation and rational management of a mixt stock-breeding. Through the investigation of the sites it becomes possible to understand the economic and thus the spatial logic of this peasant community; the author tries to demonstrate its social cohesion by pointing out the existence of a basic cell, i.e. the village unit. He shows that the origins of ager, saltus and syloa can be found in the ways the exploited areas are distributed. He insulates them in each type of villages, the parameters of which he defines after having studied about 200 of them (20 to 25 units /100 km2). This paper sets the premisses of a broader analysis on spatial organizations of the modes of prehistoric production (village unit, production unit, sedentariness, spatial cell of economic development).
- Les sources de l'accumulation primitive dans l'agriculture calabraise au XIXe siècle : le cas des Barracco - Marta Petrusewigz p. 17-33 The Sources of Primitive Accumulation in the Agriculture of Calabria in the 19th Century : The Case of the Barracco Family. Through the investigation of the private archives of a family, it became possible to analyse the sources of primitive accumulation in Calabria. Six types of sources were reviewed: purchases of ancient fiefs, purchases of landed property belonging to the State, loans on mortgage warranted on real estates, purchases of credences warranted on landed property and followed by judiciary expropriation, usurpations, purchases of peasants' plots. The period under review (1806-1850) is characterized by a single process, which has its own economical logic: the concentration of landed property. It is the birth of latifundium which replaces the great feudal estates and commonlands with their collective charges.
- Penser « maison », penser « famille ». Résidence domestique et parenté dans les sociétés rurales de l'est de la France - Claude Karnoouh p. 35-75 Thinking « maison », thinking a family ». Some of the concepts employed in the field of theoritical ethnological thought about family life belong as well to the ordinary language as to the jural codes which govern the institutions. Among these concepts, that of "nuclear family" (or more simply of "family") come the fore. The Author shows at first that the meaning of this term (married couple /children) is a recent creation of the urban and bourgeois society which developes during the 18th century. The aristocrats and some peasant societies called their domestic unit "maison". By several examples, the Author shows that the universality of the "nuclear family" — lived in as well as a jurai entity — looks rather like an ethnocentric ideology which, if applied to European peasant societies, dissimulates more than it enlightens their specific cultural features. Secondly, basing himself on datas collected in rural societies of openfield in Eastern France, the Author shows that the concept of "nuclear family" does not express the domestic residence group's life. This life belongs to the "chez" which belongs itself to a classification of space and of rights of use on landproperties. As to "family", a commonly used term among the peasants, it refers to another cognitive field: that of kinship and matrimony. It is by sticking to the autochtone language that the Author can partialy restitute the specific sense of the domestic residence group and of the kin relationships which in some ways represents the ideal norms of these rural culture.
- Organisation sociale et stratégie matrimoniale dans la région de Valence (Espagne) - Joan F. Mira p. 77-96 Social Organization and Matrimonial Strategy in the Region of Valencia (Spain). In the inland valleys north of Valencia, since the 18th century, the population, in spite of bad natural conditions, has grown very quickly, inducing the cultivation of poor lands. Today the villages are undergoing a crisis, and the social stratification is changing. Traditionally, there were three groups of peasants: rich, relatively well off and poor. The transmission of land, bilateral and perfectly egalitarian, should have led for everyone of them to an exaggerate parcelling. In fact, among the rich, a matrimonial strategy, based on group endogamy and on birth limitation involved along the years the reconstituion of individed matrimony, while among the rest, whose matrimonial area was much larger and whose scanty patrimony got excessively parcelled, emigration solved the problems of survival.
Notes et commentaires
- A propos du territoire de l'historien - Marie-Claude Pingaud p. 97-104
- Migrations, travail agricole et dissolution de la réciprocité dans les Andes vénézuéliennes - María Matilde Suárez p. 105-111
Chronique scientifique
- Le paysage rural au Moyen Age. A propos d'un congrès - Philippe Braunstein p. 113-116
- La croissance économique et le développement régional. Le Xe Congrès de la Société européenne de sociologie rurale - Placide Rambaud p. 117-119
- Le recensement général de l'agriculture de 1980 - p. 121-124
Comptes rendus
- Evelyne Patlagean, Pauvreté économique et pauvreté sociale à Byzance (IVe- VIIe siècle) - Morrisson Cécile p. 125-127
- Günther Franz, Geschichte des deutschen Bauernstandes vont frühen Mittelalter bis zum 19. Jahrhundert. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 127-128
- Claude Gérard et Jean Peltre, Les villages lorrains - Wackermann Gabriel p. 128-129
- Abel Châtelain, Les migrants temporaires en France de 1800 à 1914. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 129-130
- Léonce Chaleil, La mémoire du village. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 130
- Henri Mendras, L'avenir des campagnes en Europe occidentale. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 131
- Guy Burgel, Etienne Dalmasso, Raoul Weexsteen, eds., Villes en parallèle, capitales et métropoles méditerranéennes. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 132
- L'élevage en Méditerranée occidentale. Actes du Colloque international de l'Institut de recherches méditerranéennes (Sénanque, mai 1976). - Wackermann Gabriel p. 132-133
- Farid Abbad et al., Classes dominantes et société rurale en Basse-Andalousie. - Caillier-Boisvert Colette p. 133-134
- H. de Farcy, Un million d'agriculteurs à temps partiel ? - Rambaud Placide p. 134-135
- Dossier sur la démographie de la population agricole. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 136
- Compte rendu du colloque international des 1, 2 et 3 mars 1978 : « La forêt dans le monde, ses rôles dans la vie rurale ». - Wackermann Gabriel p. 137
- Robert Linhart, Lénine, les paysans, Taylor. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 138
- Amédée Mollard, Paysans exploités. Essai sur la question paysanne. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 138-139
- Edgar Pisani, Utopie foncière. - Lenclud Gérard p. 139-141
- Claude Bataillon, éd., État, pouvoir et espace dans le Tiers Monde. - Caillier-Boisvert Colette p. 141-142
- Sofres, L'opinion française en 1977. - Vincienne Monique p. 142-143
- Les espaces du prince. L'État et son expansion dans les formations sociales dépendantes. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 143
Notes bibliographiques
- Jean Guilaine, Premiers bergers et paysans de l'Occident méditerranéen. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 145
- Cadernos, 1977, 10. - Caillier-Boisvert Colette p. 145
- Cahiers des Amériques latines. - Caillier-Boisvert Colette p. 146
- L'agriculture à temps partiel. Allemagne, États-Unis, Japon, Norvège. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 146-147
- Cahiers géographiques de Rouen, 7. - Wackermann Gabriel p. 147
- Bulletin des périodiques. Bulletin analytique (Juillet-Décembre 1978) - Placide Rambaud p. 149-170
- Résumés/Abstracts - p. 171-174