Contenu du sommaire : Identité

Identité et sociétés nomades. Symboles, normes et transformations

• Identité : parcours nomades. Faits et représentations - Henri Guillaume, André Bourgeot p. 9-15
• L'identité insaisissable. Les Caboclos amazoniens - Pierre Grenand, Françoise Grenand p. 17-39
  A Hard-to-Grasp Identity : the Amazonian Caboblos The Caboclos sense of identity is now an essential part of the culture in Amazonian areas of Brazil. The Caboclos, a group of metisses, make up the major part of the population but have been reduced to a low social rank. This analysis of how their identity has taken shape within the context of relations with Amerindian communities and the national society is based on a historical, semantic and ecological approach. Given its flexibility over time and space, it is difficult to set the limits of this sense of identity, which is especially hard to grasp. At present, it is being manipulated and mythified as an initially atomized sense of identity is modified by regional forms of political organization and the emergence of an "Amazonian discourse".
• Le nomadisme pastoral en question - Edmond Bernus p. 41-52
  Pastoral Nomadism in Question Does pastoral nomadism still exist ? Does the dichotomy between nomadic and sedentary correspond to reality ? Nowadays, nomadism is threatened. Fields are being planted on the trails where herders used to pass but have left no tracks. Groups of herders are being assigned grazing land and watering holes. Nomadic herders used to have the possibility of working out strategies (exit, increased mobility, splitting up the family, temporary reconversion, etc.) for dealing with governmental or climatic constraints. But nomads now face constraints that leave no room for choice. Under these conditions, can they keep their sense of identity ?
• Stratégies commerciales et identité peule. Le "teefankaagal" au Sénégal - Amadou Sada Ba, Anne Join-Lambert p. 53-69
  Commercial Strategies and Fulani Identity : the "teefankaagal" in Senegal Over the past 30 years, Fulani societies in Senegal have successfully adapted to the intensified commercialization of cattle in new economic structures. They have brought their social stratification over into the hierarchy of positions in the commercialization process. Faced with colonial and then national policies, they monopolize the whole cattle sales network and control a market that used to be foreign to them. They have shaped this market through their institutions, herding techniques and conception of cattle.
• Des ignames au riz. La dialectique du nomade et du sédentaire chez les Moken - Jacques Ivanoff p. 71-88
  From Yams to Rice : the Dialectics of Nomadic and Sedentary among the Moken Yams have always been a staple among the coastal and nomadic peoples in the East Indies. When the civilizing hero, G aman the Malay, was installed among the queen Sibian's people, rice became the main dish in Moken meals. By adopting Gaman, Moken society had to take up the dual challenge of rice-farming and islamization. By giving a wife to Gaman, becoming nomadic to escape from Islam and accepting to trade in order to obtain rice, the Moken have opted for a nomadic identity and ideology, which have been constructed through migrations, as they left the other maritime peoples of the Malay, Thai and Burmese coasts behind.
• Permanence tsigane et politique de sédentarisation dans la France de l'après-guerre - Patrick Williams, Alain Reyniers p. 89-106
  The Permanence of Gypsies and "Sedentarization" Policy in Post-WW II France After briefly describing the relations between public authorities and Gypsies since the latter entered Western Europe, the example of how parking areas for nomads were set up and regulated in France during the late 1960s is used to examine the effects of a joint policy on Gypsy communities. The comparison between families unaffected by this regulation and families that stayed in these institutionalized parking areas sheds light on the limits of public actions. Although regulations may have speeded up change, they did not significantly modify underlying trends. The failure of these regulated parking areas can be set down to both the dynamism of Gypsy communities and the erroneous conception of nomadism that prevailed in public authorities' policies.
• Être Aborigène aujourd'hui. Migrations, sédentarisations et changements identitaires dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Australie - Bernard Moizo p. 107-128
  Being an Aborigène Today. Migrations, Sedentarizations and Identity Changes in the North-West of Australia White settlement in Australia and various government policies have made contemporary Aboriginal people the way they are. In the North-West of Australia, Aboriginal groups have been forced to settle on cattle stations first, then newly started missions and the consequences of the Pastoral Award have attracted Aboriginal populations from various cattle stations towards urban centres. In order to answer the needs of these migrants, the Federal government has created urban-based Aboriginal settlements, which quickly became the only way for Aborigines to have access to funding, government programs and resources like housing. Through the case example of one of these urban based settlements, the author explores the successive changes Aboriginal people had to deal with and the emergence of community identities in the Kimberleys.
• Identité touarègue : de l'aristocratie à la révolution - André Bourgeot p. 129-162
  Tuareg Identity : from the Aristocracy to Revolution The Tuareg's sense of identity is explained through economic and social transformations during the past 40 years (1950-1991), which were marked by four cumulative crises : the crisis of nomadic pastoralism, the ecological crisis (the droughts of 1969-1973 and 1984-1986), independence, and the actions of authoritarian, repressive governments. Three senses of identity are pointed out on the basis of the effectiveness of certain signs and symbols (language, veils, swords, camels and herding). The first sense of identity is based on the norms of the warrior aristocracy, which holds the predominant place in this strongly hierarchized society. The second is voiced through demands revealing new frames of reference. The third concerns the ishumar (jobless), some of whom, calling for revolution, have taken up arms, especially in northern Mali. The Tuareg identity turns on political phraseology. It is somewhat of a fetish that mystifies and exacerbates political and interethnic relations.

• Notes critiques

  • Un monde de frères : une communauté rom dans une société socialiste. [Michael Stewart, Brothers in song. The persistence of Vlach Gypsy identity and community in socialist Hungary.] - Patrick Williams p. 163-169
  • Nomadisme et situation minoritaire : un essai de catégorisation. [Aparna Rao, The other nomads. Peripatetic minorities in cross-cultural perspective.] - Patrick Williams p. 171-174

• Comptes rendus

  • Angelo Maliki Bonfiglioli, DuDal, histoire de famille et histoire de troupeau chez un groupe de WoDaaBe du Niger. - Join-Lambert Anne p. 175-177
  • Edmond Bernus et François Pouillon, Sociétés pastorales et développement. - Barry Laurent p. 177-179
  • Edmond Bernus, Touaregs, chronique de l'Azawak. - Casajus Dominique p. 179-180