Contenu du sommaire : Mémoires de la Grande Guerre

Austria - Cultures remembering the First World War in Austria . The Jubilee » 1914/2014 In Austria, more so than in Germany, the memory of the First World War interferes with the collective memory of the Second World War. If the centennial gives rise to a great number of projects, both in the cultural and academic spheres, (publication, exhibitions, collections...) the federal government hardly dealt with the subject. Furthermore, in Austria there is no commemorative site of this war.

Memory of the World War I in former Czechoslovakia In former Czechoslovakia, the memory of the Wold War I is not unequivocal and depends on ethnical and ideological understanding. The authors are demonstrating in five examples (war memorials, military cemeteries, cinematography, fiction, and military history clubs) that the World War I was not in the spotlight in former Czechoslovakia during the last three decades. The memory of the World War has been becoming, more and more, a matter of amateurs, members of the military history clubs; it is rather the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the World War I which attracts the attention of the large public.

Back to World War I. The memory of the First World War in Germany from 1980 to our days First World War collective memory is overshadowed by the experience of the Second World War's National socialism. Yet, since the reunification we notice a revival of the subject of World War One in the academic world as well as in the popular culture.

Turkey: Turkey today and the Great War The author of the article has answered four main questions: - What have been the political uses of the Big War since 2002? - What is the popular memory of the Big War today? - Is there a tourism of memory? - How does Turkey deal with the Armenian genocide?

The commemoration of the First World War in Bulgaria The commemoration of World War I in Bulgaria, which was confronted with military defeat and a harsh peace treaty, was subject to different political conditions and changed over the time. The interwar years was characterized by a nationalist, revisionist and instable context. World War I was represented just one topic of Bulgaria's national history and this memory was linked with political and territorial claims. Under the Communist regime, the memory of World War I disappeared in a certain way, because it represented an imperialist war wanted by the Bulgarian bourgeoisie leading to another « national catastrophe ». Since 1989, World War I has been rediscovered and certain forms of commemoration are even reminiscent of the interwar years.

Memory of the First World War in Poland Winston Churchill, known for his poignant remarks, called the First World War in the East « The Unknown War » (1931). Still today in 2014, despite all the attention for the Centenary, the commemoration of what took place in Poland between 1914 and 1918 can hardly be better described than by his words. The war was far from being insignificant to the area. National and nationalist war commemoration dominated the interwar period, focusing predominantly on the regaining of independence (1918-1921). Contradicting memories were silenced or else put in line and vanished from public commemoration. This laid the ground for a gradual forgetting of the First World War over the last hundred years. However, closer contacts to other European countries with a different culture of commemoration and transnational research networks led to a rising interest in the First World War. Interestingly, while the national narrative in Poland for so long overshadowed individual memory of the First World War, now the war is being rediscovered via the local and transnational level.

The Great War in Lithuanian historical memory The relationship between Lithuania and the Great War is problematic and ambiguous in several aspects. At the beginning of the XXth century, Lithuania did not exist as a state. Such circumstances led to that the Great War of 1914– 1918 in the Lithuanian historical memory functioned as a conflict of the great European powers, « strange » to Lithuania and Lithuanians. First of all, it was the war where « brother was forced to go against his brother, Lithuanian to kill another Lithuanian against his will ». The occupation and annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union (1940–1990) conducted to delete this war from the historical memory of « Soviet citizens ». Therefore the memory of the Great War (its separate fragments) still remained and functioned, most often in local (of villages and small towns) unofficial stories and in the forms of individual reminiscences. Since 1988/90 and the restoration of nationhood of Lithuania, the country is trying to recover a memory of the war; however due to complicated political, ideological and ethical perturbations, the memory about the Great War yet remains quite disordered, controversial and fragmented.

The memory of the First World War in Finland and its transformation since the last decades of the Twentieth Century For a majority of Finns, the memory of World War I has long been limited to the official history of the struggle for independence. The civil war of 1918, as seen by the victors, has occupied a central position in that narrative. As for the losers, labour organizations have worked to perpetuate the memory of their victims as well as they could. After 1945, they finally obtained a certain level of recognition of their losses. Since the 1960s, historical research has also modified collective memory towards a less Manichean understanding. In recent times, new questions and evidence have enriched the debate. This new knowledge reveals a more humanitarian and less politicized approach than in the past. However, the full benefits of these newer approaches will only be seen in a more distant future.

« There must not be any unexplored territory ». Memory of the First World War in Russia from 1989 - 1991 For the first time Russia commemorates the 100th anniversary since the outbreak of WWI with numerous events. The for a long period repressed memory gradually returns. However, the remembrance is a matter of honouring the “forgotten heroes” prescribed from the government. Thus, the politicy of history relies on the patterns of commemoration of the “Great Patriotic War”. In both cases it is about the Empire's power and the strengthening of national identity.

Gaps and continuities in the serbian memory of the Great War 1945-2014 In this paper the author deals with the evolution and the stakes of the Great War memory in Serbia till our days. He shows how the Serbian memory of the Great War reflected other historical periods using different ideological and political messages which should circulate in the society. With the approaching of the Centenary of the Great War, this memory progressively draw away from the Second World War and linked itself to the legacy of the 1990's wars in ex-Yugoslavia.

Contemporary practices surrounding the Great War in France, from the 1990s to the centenary Beginning with the coverage of Armistice Day in a regional newspaper in 2010, the study proposes a brief typology of contemporary practices of memory linked to the Great War, and suggests three main structural principles: the social, the cultural, and the political. It notes that the Centenary does not seem to have brought about any significant alteration in commemorative practices. Instead, they have gone further and become more extensive.

The Belgium commemorations The author considers the issue of Belgium commemorations of the First World War through four groups of questions: 1) What is the position of the federal government on the Great War? How does it see the commemorations? 2) What speeches have been given and what are the attitude of the Flemish and Walloonian provinces? Can we speak of a memory of the Great War built on opposition? What are their points of agreement and disagreement? Why does the tourism of memory play such an important role? Why is it the subject of such a development? 4) What is the place of the Great War in the curriculum of secondary school (community college)? How is it taught? Does this role vary on region?

Memories of the Great War in Italy The Memory of the conflict provokes many different points of view in Italy. Different regions have their own take on the events especially the issues raised by the refugees and the occupied territories. They need to be considered as part of a much bigger picture going all the way from the risorgimento to the rise of fascism. The centenary gives the opportunity to commemorate some major events, mainly locally, but not often without political fallout, particularly in Veneto.

After much debate, the public memory of World War I started to change at the beginning of the 21st century; the fact that the allies won has now been largely forgotten. Recently, (from 1990-2000), “The Shot at Dawn” campaign has brought about the rehabilitation of the executed. The British government is financing a serie of events in 2014 to commemorate key moments in the conflict, but not without a barrage of criticisms from all sides. Nevertheless, the Imperial War Museum (IWM), reference point of British military history, re-opened in Autumn 2014, with many displays completely overhauled and brought up to date.

Shared memory ? The Great War in Ireland While Ulster Unionists had never stopped praising their elders of the 36th Division, the 210,000 Irish soldiers of the Great War had remained confined within the margins of the national and republican memory until the 1980s, when they started to come back gradually into favour, which is to be assessed in the light of the progress in the Northern Ireland peace process.

The centenary of the Great War is not as easy as it might look for Canada with regard to its past during 1914-1918 The question of the Canadian memory of the Great War is not easy to define. The commemorative time of 1914- 1918 will put ahead the problem of how French and English Canadians are remembering the First World War. We can have an example with the mythic battle of Vimy which is a national symbol for Canada but not for all Canadians.

Since 1980 World War I has remained remote in American public consciousness compared to the Civil War and World War II. But several well-publicized developments have contributed to the war's gaining a toehold in the American psyche: the construction of a National World War I Museum; the death of the last “doughboy”; debates over World War I memorials; post-Cold War and post-9/11 geo-politics; and a recent explosion of books on US involvement in the war.

In preparing for the Centenary of the First World War, the Australian government received over 600 public submissions. This article analyses these submissions to better understand the emotional communities centred around war remembrance. It identifies the anxieties and sub-jectivities that drive remembrance, highlights the deeply ahistorical nature of commemoration, examines the role of testimony and re-enactment and considers what is often forgotten when Australians remember war.

Historical memory of the Great War in South Africa has long been characterised by political divisions and contestations, as well as by a steadily decreasing presence in public consciousness and in acts of war remembrance, especially in more recent decades. This article explores the complex place of Great War experience in South Africa's modern history, and evaluates the significance of its shifting meanings. It also considers how the political agenda of post-apartheid society may be reengaging with world war commemoration on a new black nationalist basis.

The First World War had a deep impact on Argentina, due to its historical, demographic, economic and cultural ties with Europe. A century later, except a couple of isolated signs –an airport with the name of a volunteer soldier, a recent historical novel-, no traces of that experience remain in the collective memory. This article aims to speculate on the possible reasons of that oversight.

This article is the text of a lecture given in Vienna on March 20- 2014 as part of an international congress named “The 1st WWW in Central Europe. Memory Trans/National Perspectives. European Contexts”. The author, who is associated with the official commemorative processes in France, Australia, Ireland, and, to a lesser extent, Belgium , observes from these four examples the prevalence of an individual and familial culture of remembrance towards the conflict, on the fringe of the academic and official communities.

National memory and international projects in the Centenary of the Great War: a preliminary assessment An interview with the director of the First World War Centenary Commission, a specially-created French organisation that has no real equivalent in other countries. Four main topics are discussed: - The existence (or otherwise) of an international dynamic on the occasion of the centenary - The specificities of the centenary in France - The role of European institutions in the centenary - The main orientations of the centenary in France, and what is missing from it.

Identification, legitimation, and stigmatization: the ukrainian Delegation to the Paris peace Conference (1918-20) through its written materials In late 1918, a struggle was taking place on the Ukrainian territor y of the former Russian empire, between the Soviet authorities, White Russian nationalists, and partisans of Ukrainian independence, over the reconfiguration and control of the state. At the same time, the Ukrainian People's Republic decided to send a delegation to the Paris Peace Conference (1918-1920), at which it had only observer status. The written documents produced on this occasion, of which the BDIC's Klotz archive has a particularly significant collection, give an insight into the cognitive horizon of the Ukrainian pro-independence elite of the time.