Contenu du sommaire : Les jeunes et le racisme.

The rise of racist tensions The author notes that the racial and discriminatory intentions are conquering new territories, particularly from the spectrum of the rise of intercommunity tensions. He wonders on the one hand, about the causes of this revival of racism and on the other hand, about the consequences on the social and cultural life.

Minority identity and school In spite of the long history of immigration in France, up to now the situation of children of immigrants had never been the subject of a political or social measure The emergence of the figure of the "young person of immigrant origin" as well in the media as in the concerns of the public action attests that a •question of the second generation“ seems to go through the current social landscape. Studies about the descendants of immigrants in the school system reveal a taking into account of ethnicity : many indications reveal a hardening of stereotypes and a reinforcement of the school segregation which produce effects on the trajectories of descendants of immigrants.

Islam and new forms of racism The evolution of the current European societies creates new forms of racism because of the permanency of immigration on their soil. A phenomenon worsened today by the religious membership which reinforces the logic of •generalised suspicion” aiming at the Muslims. In France, at the moment, the toughening only affects a tiny minority, but what will occur if all the Muslims continue to be stigmatized as they are systematically since the end of the 80' s ? The •recognition” is initially a cultural phenomenon not yet registered in the social experience and tolerance and forms of compromises must be advocated.

For a policy of equal access to apprenticeship This paper is mainly based on the results of a research-action about the access to apprenticeship for second generation immigrants, started in July 1999, at the very beginning of the public emergence of racial discriminations at work and their official recognition by the authorities. It analyses the nature of institutional and professional resistance experienced in the production of knowledge and in the search for tracks of solutions as well.

The boarding school system for indians During the last one hundred and fifty years, several generations of the native people of Canada were placed at boarding schools for children in the name of the absolute belief in the moral and intellectual superiority of the white culture on all the aspects of the natives life. At the boarding schools, children were the victims of physical violence and atrocious sexual abuse, leading to death in certain cases. For a few years, efforts have been made to break the wall of silence which surrounds the boarding schools system, efforts obtaining their first results.

Ways to occupy the area Widening the issue of •young people” in the city, this paper concerns their urban movements, their localised activities and their sociability turned towards the outside. It questions the type of activities that young people practise when they are in town,, their modes of access to the urban spaces they favour and the constraints they have to face. It attempts to highlight a typology of urban mobility.

Youth Associations In Benin From branches of French associations spreading the French culture under colonisation to revolutionary Marxist youth exclusively (1972-1990) passing by associations of demands for identity and independence (1950-1960), the Beninese youth associations have mainly served political stakes. With the democratic era of 1990, they have raised hopes as regard education and young people integration. After a history which denounces their political role until 1990, the study of the current period reveals their contribution to lifelong education despite a gerontocratic running and strategies of power of the leaders.

Youth and sociocultural equipments The collective spaces of the housing estates have a particular significance for young people of popular background. On the one hand, the lack of financial means and a uniform environment enclose their practices in an isolated area and on the other hand, the lack of initiation and experience to be mobile between several places of activities prevents the mobilisation of the existing potentials. The strong occupation of the buildings stairwells and halls as places of meeting and leisure cannot be understood without bringing to the fore the inaccessibility of other places of activities. The appropriation of community facilities by some young people is characterised by the domination at stake between the representatives of the institutions and the young protesters.

Categorisation of young people in a housing estate The issue of the "young people of the housing estates" is often linked to homogenising representations built on the image of a community of destiny where unemployment, exclusion, misery and violence are found. The empirical study of a small council housing estate is based on a historical prospect too often absent from researches on •young people of the inner cities”. This approach shows how inter and intra generation differences are elaborated and how in an old working class suburb renovated today, one can distinguish seven groups of young people attending the residential area.