Contenu du sommaire : International 2015

The sector of the tourism meets numerous ecological problems today such as atmospheric and water pollution, degradation of the fauna and flora. These negative impacts on the environment allowed awareness on the necessity to adopt responsible tourism. The semantic abundance concerning this construct constitutes an indicator; we talk about sustainable tourism, ecotourism, responsible tourism, green tourism, etc. The offers considering these various concepts are very numerous. The objective of this research is to define the contents of the concept of “ecotourism” from the tourists' point of view and to determine the various expectations. We conducted a qualitative study with a sample of 26 French respondents by using face-to-face individual interviews. Their duration was of approximately thirty minutes each. Our results show that the concept of ecotourism evokes for the tourists essentially an environmental dimension related to the planet preservation, the visited sites' protection, the natural and sustainable character of the travel. Concerning their expectations, certain individuals express a preference for the regional travels. The tourists seek for rich educational and cultural experiences. The exchange based on the local populations' respect constitutes today an important concern for the responsible tourist. In terms of price, the tourists consider that the price of the ecological travels should be equivalent even lower than that of the conventional one. An additional cost must be justified by a superior-quality service. Finally, our research highlights some barriers to the ecotourism development; they are particularly related to financial constraints and to a lack of confidence towards this kind of tourism. The profusion of labels observed last years strengthens distrust and harms ecotourism considerably. The conclusions of this research led to a set of recommendations for managers and decision-makers.

Consciously or unconsciously, an army of Internet users participates every day in crowdsourcing activities. The crowd thus provides the necessary resources, such as knowledge, time and skills, to solve an organization's problems. Crowdsourcing consists in outsourcing tasks to large networks of Internet users. The activities entrusted to the crowd are varied: creating a new design, translating the Web, monitoring surveillance cameras, etc. However, this crowd activity is not necessarily paid. Crowdsourcing is therefore not considered either a volunteer activity or a real job. This article examines the blurring of the boundaries of work and organizations generated by crowdsourcing. The research is based on case studies and summarizes the main strengths and weaknesses of crowdsourcing for its participants. As a result of our evaluation and as an echo to our qualitative and exploratory study, we offer specific recommendations for the design of socially responsible crowdsourcing practices.

Large French companies are attempting to tackle the complexity of religious diversity in a rational way by providing their managers with tools on which to base their responses. The aim of this article is to interpret the contents of this particular type of tool – guides for the management of religion – as revealing the different attitudes of these companies towards religious manifestations. First, we use a literature review to develop up an analytical grid to divide these attitudes into categories – refusal, acceptance and compromise – and different levels of analysis – individual, organisational and societal. Secondly, we analyse all the management guides produced by companies and non-profit organisations in France in the light of this grid, using a qualitative research method based on three types of empirical data: qualitative interviews, participatory observation at the French Association for Diversity Management (AFMD) and a thematic analysis of the religious guides collected. This article describes the attitudes of major French companies producing the same type of tool (guides) and facing the same types of religious claims. It also raises related issues, and in particular the role of HR managers in relation to these guides and their use.