Contenu du sommaire : La parole intérieure, sous la direction de Gabriel Bergounioux

A brief negative history of endophasia concentrating almost exclusively on work in French devoted to this issue Literature today, in its most prominent forms, offers concrete evidence of endophasia. Human sciences first encountered this mode of realized speech in clinical experiments in aphasia, in theories of the unconscious, in semantic research and in studies in child language acquisition. A debate between Egger (1881) and Charcot (1884), the latter supported by Bernard (1885) and Dugas (1896), led to an accepted position which, foregrounding as it did a typology of characters as well as principles of cortical localization, completely abandoned linguistics. During the first half of the twentieth century, Piaget, followed by Vygotski, by dint of new observations revived interest in the question, which was dealt with also within structuralist theory by Jakobson in his notion of code and by Benveniste in his theory of énonciation, separating the linguistic from that which concerns being per se.

Inner Language and linguistic ontology at the end of the XXth century The problem of inner language originated from classical Greek philosophy, then developped in medieval thought. Its early nineteenth century renewal can be located in the philosophical perspective of de Bonald and Gamier. This trend is then being developped by Reigner and Chaignet in the field of philology, while Egger (1881) opposes it. The latter arguments are echoed by Darmesteter's, Bréal's and Henry's semantic analysises whithin linguistics. In the domain of psychology, they are also linked to Flournoy's work in the context of his collaboration with F. de Saussure. The analysis of oral utterance stands from heterogeneous view points, but poses two questions: 1st, that of the connection between the individual and social traits of language; 2nd, that of linguistic ontology, i.e. the link of the speaking subjects to one self in the realm of language.

Interior language as a brain mirror. An inquisition, its purposes, its limits In 1892, Georges Saint-Paul, a young physician, inquired into interior language. Quickly, 200 persons answered a long questionary which Saint- Paul and his master A. Lacassagne had elaborated and which was inspired by Charcot' anatomo-pathological theories. Several famous men, such as Emile Zola, responded and their auto-observations were published by newspapers. Saint-Paul thought he had discovered what he called "endophasic formulas". This paper studies the historical context and analyses how Saint-Paul tried to legitimate his investigation: if interior language was a reflection of the brain, the answers couldn't be deceitful or ambiguous, because they mirrored endophasic formulas which mirrored brain organization. This paper studies the historical context and analyses how Saint-Paul tried to legitimate his investigation: if interior language was a reflection of the brain, the answers couldn't be deceitful or ambiguous, because they mirrored endophasic formulas which mirrored brain organization.

Vygotskij's discussion of interior language For Vygotskij (1896-1934), interior language is a completely specific and original verbal activity both in its functioning and in its structure. From this has arisen a predominantly psycho-genetic exploration of V.'s hypotheses, which I shall analyse in this study beginning with statements of Gombert, Knobloch, and Rochex. Contrasted with this is the internal, more linguistically inspired, approach, whose main representatives are Jakubinskij and Jakobson. In this debate Vygotskij is presented as being primarily preoccupied by the forms of language, as can be seen from his discussions with the Wurzburg school, Buhler, Stanislavskij, and Schütz.

Representations of inner speech. Interior monologue, free direct speech, free indirect speech and point of view The construction of a meta-discourse in order to describe interior monologues (IM) cuts across narratologic and linguistic approaches. It varies according to whether the purpose is to establish a typology based on their wider representation or to provide a linguistic analysis restricted to reported speech. The paper highlights the persistent under-rating of a phenomenon close to the IM, and related to the "unspeakable sentence", that of "the point of view". The represented "point of view" and the free indirect speech have coexisted since the second half of the 19th. However, unlike as in the IM, these forms are not clearly differentiated as dual forms of the expression of the inner speech. Consequently, inner speech (at least as a theory issued from literary experience) is reduced to the relatively homogeneous form of the "interior speech" or "flow of consciousness". But this representation is under the influence of enormous tensions as literary manifestations of inner speech are more varied than the phrase IM gives to understand.

The enunciative paradox of inner speech and the early fictional interior monologues Two solutions are usually given to the obvious paradox of inner speech (why does the self speak to the self?): either one stresses the cognitive function of inner speech and the part it plays in mental processes, or one considers that it corresponds to an internal representation of a self-to-other discourse- situation. In the first case, inner speech is considered as properly monological; in the second, it is only a specific case of the dialogical situation that is always to be looked for whenever speech appears. In this article, we show that these contradictory solutions of the enunciative paradox of inner speech are not only to be found in theoretical works (Husserl, Guillaume, Benveniste, Bakhtine, Derrida...), but also in fictional interior monologues: the analyse here is based on two short stories published in July and August 1927 (by Jean Schlumberger and Emmanuel Berl), that bring to light all the linguistic consequences of apparently strictly enunciative choices. only to be found in theoretical works (Husserl, Guillaume, Benveniste, Bakhtine, Derrida...), but also in fictional interior monologues: the analyse here is based on two short stories published in July and August 1927 (by Jean Schlumberger and Emmanuel Berl), that bring to light all the linguistic consequences of apparently strictly enunciative choices.

Endophasia and linguistics: breakdowns, quotes, skeletons Endophasia, phenomenologically speaking, is speech without a signal. While its activity was at first noticed in pathology and in dreams as an effect of the intrusion of the unconscious, its everyday existence presents just as much of an enigma for linguistic analysis, which is used to approaching its sequences in scriptural form. Writing being founded on a conventional, and partial, correspondence between graphs and certain properties inherent in phonetic utterances, internal speech by contrast offers only a temporal dimension to acoustic apprehension. This temporal dimension operates on two levels: in the breakdown of phonemes and in their reduction via processes skin to anaphora: quotes. Thus it is on both phonological and semantic levels that endophasia provides the touchstone of theories of language.