Contenu du sommaire : Dossier : Profession journaliste

The pluralism of Moroccan media landscape is state organized and has two key purposes: firstly, legal and secondly, paralegal. The Constitution grants the freedom of expression nonetheless, unofficial red lines limit such right in practice. Mass media, the radio and TV, were for long monopolized by the state; however, since 2005, they have been opened to private stakeholders. Nevertheless, this organ of Makhzen establishment is still monochrome. It offers no academic interest and is widely challenged by satellite channels. Print media is an exception. It is owned by privates or political parties and faces, occasionally, state threats. It is regulated by the Constitutional provisions and the Press and Editing Code. It is a relevant indicator for the assessment of freedom of expression in Morocco. As per its circulation, it is a minor media. Issued under an authorization system, it is currently challenged by the websites media and its main titles are sponsored by the state. Few titles were independent. They have disappeared due to judicial harassment and advertizing boycott. But despite these difficulties, print media is an exception in Morocco and confirms an unwritten rule: freedom is granted under conditions.

This article aims to examine the press freedom situation in Morocco and his evolution since 2011 with regard to evaluation on national and international levels. While the international NGO specialized in that domain, in particular Freedom House (FH) and Reporters without Borders (RWB), was overwhelming Morocco, the Moroccan official authorities held rather an apologist speech and displayed by reflex the image of a free press. For approaching the real press freedom situation in Morocco, it seems interesting to grasp the differences of goals and methods of these evaluations, before confronting them with practices and feeling of the people principally concerned: the Moroccan journalists. In order to evaluate evolution of that freedom, it is up to examine alternately, in light of journalists survey, both systems of evaluation, the one established by the international organizations and the other one provided by Moroccan official authorities.

This study presents and analyses the place of the on-line press in Algeria through an empirical approach. Our research discusses the different factors (legal, economic, politic…) affecting the emergence of these news web sites of information. In order to response to our interrogations and hypotheses about this new media and their professionals we have practice an empirical investigation using a qualitative approach (interview and observation) with editor in chiefs for online newspapers.

This article analyzes the evolution of the social status of the Algerian journalist in the intellectual field of Algeria during the «black decade» of the 1990s, through the prism of the literary field. The statistical approach coupled with the analysis of individual trajectories shows that journalism is an intermediate intellectual profession in the process of decommissioning (especially in relation to primary and higher education). The liberalization of the press after October 1988, however, allowed the profession to gain a great prestige, and to compete with the figure of the writer, until then paragon of the engaged intellectual, on the political terrain.

This article sheds light on the plurality of caricatures which are a humorous, a journalistic and an artistic act. It also analyzes the commitment of those who draw political cartoons in a non-democratic context. First, this article explores the history of caricatures in Algeria in a direct link with the development of comics and press. It deals with the constraints that face caricaturists since the independence of Algeria until now. The second part of this article reveals the critical power of caricatures by studying a collection of political cartoons drawn by Hic and Dilem about harga (undocumented migration).

The uprisings that took place in Tunisia from 17th of December 2010 to 14 January 2011 show how the mainstream Tunisian media made a blackout on what was happening in the regions inside the country. This is how did the media system during the former Ben Ali's regime era used to deal with the real concerns of the citizens. The coverage of the local events was far from the rules of the proximity journalism which is based on journalistic practice that reflect the reality of the people and their daily life problems. This paper compare between the Tunisian media coverage of the local news before and after the revolution through the experience of 16 local correspondents out of 27 working for the Tunis Afrique Presse news agency, a public media the only news house to get a correspondents network in all the regions of Tunisia since the sixties of the last century. We conducted a qualitative survey among these correspondents asking about the local news agenda and the correspondents' choice of priorities to cover the news before and after January 2011. What changed in their practice, their behavior and their discourse? They said that censorship and self-censorship were overwhelming the way of covering the news in the regions and that the main role for the reporter is very limited. They were told what to cover and how. The local news agenda was linked to the politics and the local authorities activities. No criticism was admitted. The correspondents mentioned two essential fields for «safe media coverage» : Tourism and culture. Today, within the context of press freedom the correspondent feel themselves as the voice of voiceless people. The power of the media is challenging the political power which can no longer use the media for propaganda purposes by intervening in the correspondents work.

Between the communicators with consequent means, deployed to influence the message of professional of information in their favour; and the draftings in a position of low manpower and under-investment in a journalism of quality, the journalist found himself as “circular circulation of information”. By peeling the mechanisms of contact and influence of communicators of the pharmaceutical sector in Morocco, the main goal is to understand the opposite strategies of actors belonging to the world of the media. Each actor wants to impose his agenda and his priorities. Despite these external and internal constraints, the journalists have maneuver margins which they use to escape the shaping from information by the communicating ones.

This article examines the socio-professional conditions of private media journalists in Algeria according to the representations they made of their professional practices; in light of Pierre Bourdieu's development of the notion of the journalistic field. The survey on about twenty journalists, belonging to six media companies, intended to settle their practices in the context of the appearance of these television channels, so that the objective underlying this work is to understand the new configuration of the audiovisual landscape and see the role played by journalists in its definition.

We tackle here the question of web-journalists' professional identity in Algeria. First, we highlight the social and scientific pertinence of that theme. Then we gather theoretical elements witch allow to understand the web-journalist's professional transition and dynamic nature of their identity. After such a methodological approach, we seize the appearance context of that press in Algeria, paying particular attention to its characters in relation with professional identity. Empirical data examine web-journalists' social profiles and professional skills, before concluding with study's main results.