Contenu du sommaire : Hybrid entrepreneurship

Hybrid entrepreneurs are people who start businesses whilst they have salaried jobs. About fifty percent of all new businesses are started by hybrids. Hybrid entrepreneurship is a low-risk way of testing business ideas, gaining entrepreneurial experience and developing business management skills.

Nowadays, the entrepreneurial process frequently takes on complex pathways, and an increasing number of individuals combine wage employment and venture creation. In this way, so-called hybrid entrepreneurs can test their business ideas at their pace on a small scale before deciding to shift to full entrepreneurship. The hybrid entrepreneurial path has proved to be beneficial for enterprises' survival and innovativeness.Yet, wage employment and entrepreneurship have been mostly considered mutually exclusive, people belong to one or another category. Unsurprisingly, policy makers seem to overlook hybrid entrepreneurship, focusing their attention on the more general self-employed population or on high-growth potential ventures. Drawing on data from the 2015 Quebec Entrepreneurial Index and prior research, I argue that overlooking hybrid entrepreneurship contravenes the interest of public policies to foster innovative and sustainable enterprises.

Some of the largest business where created by entrepreneurs who also maintained a full-time job. These hybrid entrepreneurs where able to juggle and balance their two roles for a time. Researchers have shown that one of the critical questions is when so to leave their job to become full-time entrepreneurs. All hybrid entrepreneurs face many challenges and issues as they swing between their job and their business. This article makes the point that the availability of management tools and technology can influence a hybrid entrepreneur's decisions about the rate of growth he or she desires. The purpose of this article is to introduce the idea that the hybrid entrepreneurship process is affected by questions of venture growth. We will call this “the growth question”. A second and related purpose of the article is to highlight how several conditions surrounding hybrid entrepreneurship impact the growth question. The third and final objective is to suggest that hybrid entrepreneurship at the individual-level may become a less permanent activity over time, due to a new concept we identify and introduce called the Wobble Effect.

The entrepreneurial potential of women remains not fully exploited and lags behind men's ambition and capability in both business start-ups and self-employment. Nowadays it is imperative to enable women to fully participate in the economic activities of their communities. The paper argues about the need for encouraging a female hybrid entrepreneur role in emerging economies. It attempts to identify the perceived challenges of the female hybrid entrepreneur by analysing the propensity for entrepreneurship among full-time, part-time and self-employed females in eight Central and Eastern European countries. The entrepreneurship propensity is determined by taking into account four dimensions: entrepreneurial potential, self-employment desirability, self-employment feasibility, and comfort with recruiting customers.

In this article, based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, we carried out several econometric analyses going back ten years for 25 OECD countries. We present the results of these analyses on the effects of start-up support programmes and the moderating role of the institutional framework, in terms of quantity and quality, on entrepreneurial activity within a country, and on unemployment reduction. Our results probably appear counter-intuitive, but as well as being based on solid methodology with a longitudinal design, they do make sense and they lead to very clear practical implications that we think could be usefully taken into account in future consideration of public policy on entrepreneurship and unemployment reduction.

The aim of this article is to critically analyze the outcomes of entrepreneurial programs when the same are not adequately aligned with the features that define entrepreneurship and the entrepreneur. Taking the “auto-entrepreneur”1 status in France as an example, we offer an illustration of the practical implications resulting from a lack of coherence between a legal status, aimed at encouraging entrepreneurship, and the conceptual basis of what it means to be an entrepreneur. Our analysis leads us to observe the reasons why the status is becoming a recurring object of independent activity as opposed to a source for new business creation. We conclude with some insights on the considerations that governments must do, when creating programs that intend to promote entrepreneurship and hybrid-entrepreneurship.

The Russian culture has robust traditions of sharing known as blat networks that are heavily based upon the exchange of goods, services, and other commodities. These networks are particularly germane in the community of illegal Russian immigrants who use this form of cultural capital to generate income despite their residency status in the United States. This alternative economy is further enhanced via sharing economy platforms such as Air BnB and Uber. These sharing economy platforms have transformed understandings of the relationship between material possessions and the extended self, and have created a space for play between official immigration and employment policies, and the precarious reality of the Russian immigrant. This article presents two layered account interviews, one from a Russian Air BnB host, and another from an Uber driver to illustrate the complex symbiosis between sharing economy platforms and the Russian immigrant community.

Leszek Krecielewski, Managing Director Amway Europe, leads the 30-market multi-language and multi-cultural business. In this interview, Leszek discusses modern economic trends and related challenges, exclusively for this Entreprendre & Innover special issue:– How mature modern direct selling companies are positioned in the quickly changing world of New Economy.– If and why Hybrid Entrepreneurship can boost self-employment.– What skills people seeking a self-employed career should possess.– How political, economic, scientific and educational institutions can support potential entrepreneurs in receiving the help they need most to start their own business and enhance the entrepreneurial spirit.