Contenu du sommaire
| Revue |
Revue de Géographie Alpine  |
|---|---|
| Numéro | vol. 104, no 4, 2016 |
| Texte intégral en ligne | Accessible sur l'internet |
- Changement climatique et développement rural dans les montagnes du Moyen-Atlas et leurs bordures (Maroc) - Moulay-Driss El Jihad
Au Maroc, très peu d'études ont été réalisées sur la relation entre le changement climatique et les politiques de développement rural, notamment dans les montagnes. Cet article traite de cette question au Moyen-Atlas en proposant une approche géopolitique. Jusqu'aux années 1990, les politiques de développement rural étaient basées sur la lutte contre la dégradation des forêts et l'érosion des sols, visant en premier lieu à réduire l'envasement des barrages. Depuis les années 2000, les efforts se sont davantage orientés vers le contact direct avec la population afin de répondre à leurs besoins. Toutefois, l'intégration du domaine forestier au système agricole n'a pas débouché sur les résultats escomptés. Très préoccupées par les impacts multiformes du changement climatique, les populations demeuraient peu réceptives aux propositions sectorielles des projets relatifs à la gestion patrimoniale des forêts. Pour y remédier, de nouveaux programmes de développement ont été mis en place et décentralisés à l'échelle de la commune. Bien que les projets engagés restent en-deçà des besoins, la nouvelle approche du développement rural se veut plus territoriale en matière d'amélioration de la résilience des populations aux changements actuels et futurs du climat.In Morocco, studies on the relationship between climate change and rural development policies, especially in the mountains, are few and far between. This article takes a geopolitical approach to this particular issue in the Middle Atlas. Until the 1990s, rural development policies were based on the fight against forest degradation and soil erosion, first and foremost with a view to reducing dam silting. Since the early 2000s, efforts have focused on direct contact with the population in order to meet their needs. However, integration of the forestry sector into the agricultural system has not yielded the expected results. People, deeply concerned by the multifaceted impacts of climate change, have not been particularly receptive to sectoral proposals of projects related to forest heritage management. To address this concern, new development programs have been implemented and decentralised at the municipal level. Although projects still fall short of needs, the new approach to rural development is more territorial in terms of improving the resilience of populations to climate change at present and in the future. - Climate Change and Rural Development in the Middle Atlas Mountains and Fringe Areas (Morocco) - Moulay-Driss El Jihad In Morocco, studies on the relationship between climate change and rural development policies, especially in the mountains, are few and far between. This article takes a geopolitical approach to this particular issue in the Middle Atlas. Until the 1990s, rural development policies were based on the fight against forest degradation and soil erosion, first and foremost with a view to reducing dam silting. Since the early 2000s, efforts have focused on direct contact with the population in order to meet their needs. However, integration of the forestry sector into the agricultural system has not yielded the expected results. People, deeply concerned by the multifaceted impacts of climate change, have not been particularly receptive to sectoral proposals of projects related to forest heritage management. To address this concern, new development programs have been implemented and decentralised at the municipal level. Although projects still fall short of needs, the new approach to rural development is more territorial in terms of improving the resilience of populations to climate change at present and in the future.
- Les multiples formes actuelles de la conversion d'élevages laitiers de montagne vers la production de viande - Hélène Rapey La forte dérégulation des marchés du lait en Europe, initiée en 2003, interroge l'avenir de la production laitière. Le renforcement de la concurrence dans et entre les zones de montagne et de plaine fait craindre une augmentation des cessations de production laitière dans les montagnes françaises. Depuis la crise laitière de 2008, des conversions d'élevages laitiers à la production de viande se développent, et les changements qui les accompagnent sont très peu étudiés au niveau des exploitations et de leur mode d'utilisation des surfaces. Ceci vient d'être appréhendé dans le Massif Central à partir d'enquêtes dans des élevages récemment convertis. Les résultats montrent que les conversions s'inscrivent actuellement dans toutes sortes de dynamiques d'exploitations (agrandissement, maintien ou cessation). Les prairies prennent une place plus importante dans l'alimentation des animaux et l'autonomie fourragère des exploitations s'améliore sans bouleversement des systèmes fourragers en place. Quant à la perception des éleveurs sur les changements liés à la conversion, ils concernent avant tout l'amélioration du travail et de la qualité de vie. Il ressort que la conversion est une dynamique d'élevage actuellement très multiforme et disséminée dans un territoire. Ceci appelle pour l'avenir à un accompagnement et une gestion territoriale (bassin de collecte) de ces conversions ne se limitant pas aux exploitations « en perte de vitesse » d'une zone laitière.The wholesale deregulation of EU milk pricing markets set in motion by the 2003 CAP reforms has brought with it an uncertain future for the dairy sector. Tougher competition in and between highland and lowland regions raises fears of an increase in the number of French mountain dairy farms going out of production. Dairy farms' conversion from milk to meat has been gathering pace since the 2008 dairy market crisis, yet there has been little attempt to study the concomitant changes in post-conversion farm structure and land-use practices. Here we address this gap through surveys of newly converted farms in the Massif Central. Our results show that milk-to-meat conversions are currently occurring in all kinds of trajectories (extend, hold or wind-down). Post-conversion farms show a greater reliance on grassland as a diet resource and improved forage self-sufficiency without making wholesale changes to their legacy forage systems. Farmer-cited perceptions of the changes that accompany conversion revolve around better quality of work and quality of life. The study finds that the trajectory of milk-to-meat conversion takes many forms and occurs in different territories. Taken together, the evidence advocates for greater territory-level (milk collection region) outreach and extension support to these conversions that are not just limited to less dynamic dairy-area farms ‘losing ground'.
- Multiple Forms of Mountain-Area Dairy Farms Converting From Milk to Meat - Hélène Rapey The wholesale deregulation of EU milk pricing markets set in motion by the 2003 CAP reforms has brought with it an uncertain future for the dairy sector. Tougher competition in and between highland and lowland regions raises fears of an increase in the number of French mountain dairy farms going out of production. Dairy farms' conversion from milk to meat has been gathering pace since the 2008 dairy market crisis, yet there has been little attempt to study the concomitant changes in post-conversion farm structure and land-use practices. Here we address this gap through surveys of newly converted farms in the Massif Central. Our results show that milk-to-meat conversions are currently occurring in all kinds of trajectories (extend, hold or wind-down). Post-conversion farms show a greater reliance on grassland as a diet resource and improved forage self-sufficiency without making wholesale changes to their legacy forage systems. Farmer-cited perceptions of the changes that accompany conversion revolve around better quality of work and quality of life. The study finds that the trajectory of milk-to-meat conversion takes many forms and occurs in different territories. Taken together, the evidence advocates for greater territory-level (milk collection region) outreach and extension support to these conversions that are not just limited to less dynamic dairy-area farms ‘losing ground'.
- « Caroline » et la montagne. Ces albums populaires pour enfants qui construisent la montagne - Christophe Meunier Caroline est un personnage populaire de la littérature de jeunesse créé par Pierre Probst en 1953. Dans les 44 albums de la série qui lui est consacrée, l'héroïne promène ses lecteurs à travers différents espaces, qu'ils soient domestiques ou lointains, qu'ils soient urbains ou ruraux, de mer ou de montagne. Les albums de Pierre Probst représentent des personnages évoluant dans des paysages aménagés, pratiquant des territoires habités. Caroline aux sports d'hiver (1959), le septième album de la série, paraît au moment où le tourisme hivernal de montagne commence à se populariser. Caroline fait du cheval (1989), vingt-deuxième de la série, évoque un tourisme estival de montagne qui se popularise et se développe à son tour. Ces deux albums inscrits dans une temporalité et une spatialité particulières ont pourtant été réédités et traduits de nombreuses fois jusqu'à nos jours. Cet article se propose de montrer en quoi ces deux albums pour enfants constituent des produits culturels géographiques et d'étudier les procédés iconotextuels qui permettent à la fois de construire de l'espace montagnard et d'en donner des exemples de pratique, ce que nous nommons des spatialités.Caroline, whom author Pierre Probst created in 1953, is a very popular character in French children's literature. In the 44 picture books that comprise the series dedicated to her, she takes readers around different areas: domestic and distant, urban and rural, maritime and mountainous. Probst's picture books depict characters evolving in converted landscapes as they frequent inhabited territories. Caroline aux sports d'hiver (1959), the seventh part in the series, was published when winter mountain tourism started to become popular. And for its part, Caroline fait du cheval (1989), the 22nd book in the series, presented summer mountain tourism just as it was becoming popular. These two picture books, despite being situated in a particular temporality and spatiality, have been republished and translated many times over. This article seeks to show how the two works can be considered as geographical and cultural products and to study the iconotextual processes that make it possible to build mountain areas and to provide practical examples, which I shall call spatiality.
- “Caroline” and the M - Christophe Meunier Caroline, whom author Pierre Probst created in 1953, is a very popular character in French children's literature. In the 44 picture books that comprise the series dedicated to her, she takes readers around different areas: domestic and distant, urban and rural, maritime and mountainous. Probst's picture books depict characters evolving in converted landscapes as they frequent inhabited territories. Caroline aux sports d'hiver (1959), the seventh part in the series, was published when winter mountain tourism started to become popular. And for its part, Caroline fait du cheval (1989), the 22nd book in the series, presented summer mountain tourism just as it was becoming popular. These two picture books, despite being situated in a particular temporality and spatiality, have been republished and translated many times over. This article seeks to show how the two works can be considered as geographical and cultural products and to study the iconotextual processes that make it possible to build mountain areas and to provide practical examples, which I shall call spatiality.
