Contenu du sommaire : Métropoles alpines. Vers une nouvelle alliance entre villes et montagnes ?
Revue |
Revue de Géographie Alpine ![]() |
---|---|
Numéro | vol. 106, no 2, 2018 |
Titre du numéro | Métropoles alpines. Vers une nouvelle alliance entre villes et montagnes ? |
Texte intégral en ligne | Accessible sur l'internet |
- Métropoles alpines. Vers une nouvelle alliance entre villes et montagnes ? - Marie-Christine Fourny
- Alpine Metropolis. Towards a New Partnership Between Towns and Mountains? - Marie-Christine Fourny
- Moins de rhétorique régionale, plus de diversité. L'urbanisation des Alpes dans l'intérêt de sociétés cohésives - Manfred Perlik Les stratégies de développement régional actuelles exigent des régions de montagne qu'elles se spécialisent dans leurs ressources paysagères et qu'elles les valorisent de manière indépendante. L'hypothèse est que cette stratégie doit être remise en question compte tenu de l'accroissement des inégalités spatiales en Europe. Dans les zones périphériques, cette inégalité est principalement due aux différences dans les opportunités de développement. Elle trouve son expression dans un clivage social croissant, qui s'exprime à son tour dans les pratiques de vote polarisé de la population : les régions riches agissent de façon régionaliste afin de quitter la communauté plus large de solidarité de l'État-nation. Les régions pauvres voient se répandre des courants nationalistes et ouvertement racistes. Les villes, y compris celles des Alpes, attirent une population éduquée et plus prospère et sont capables de gérer plus généreusement les conflits sociaux. L'écart entre les grands villes centres et leur arrière-pays s'élargit. Dans l'intérêt des sociétés cohésives, il ne semble pas très utile dans cette situation d'intensifier davantage la concurrence régionale en valorisant sélectivement les ressources paysagères. D'une part, toutes les régions ne sont pas en mesure de le faire. D'autre part, la valorisation des ressources paysagères, notamment dans les Alpes, doit être rentable pour leurs habitants afin qu'ils n'émigrent pas. Cependant, des bénéfices moyens ne peuvent être obtenus que par le biais de grandes structures économiques. En retour, celles-ci alimentent la mobilité mondiale, sont problématiques pour des raisons écologiques et excluent la population locale de leur utilisation. Le clivage actuel des sociétés européennes confirme le travail historique sur le caractère de ressource des relations sociales (le concept de capital de Bourdieu, interprété comme capital territorial) et l'effet positif des différences nombreuses mais plates dans une société (les clivages transversaux de Rokkan).Dans ce contexte, l'accent mis par le développement régional sur une identité alpine étroitement définie, qui refuse de servir les intérêts des régions métropolitaines voisines, apparaît de plus en plus contre-productif. D'une part, parce qu'elle annule les nombreux conflits en faveur d'un seul conflit profond entre les régions métropolitaines extra-alpines et une pseudo-ruralité alpine, et d'autre part, parce qu'elle coupe les régions périphériques des connaissances externes, dont elles ont besoin si elles veulent être "durables". Les innovations sociales, qui sont particulièrement importantes pour les régions faiblement peuplées, n'apparaissent que si, outre la confiance en soi régionale, il existe une ouverture d'esprit à l'égard des connaissances extérieures. C'est la seule façon de défendre des structures et des modes de vie dignes d'être préservés contre la majorité de la population en dehors des Alpes. Le concept de macro-régions européennes pourrait offrir un moyen de sortir de la tension entre identité et ouverture, à condition que les macro-régions tentent sérieusement de combler les écarts de prospérité et de dépasser les limites des frontières nationales par leur large périmètre géographiques. Pour ce faire, elles ont besoin d'une compétence suffisante et de la volonté de façonner les relations entre les Alpes et la plaine de telle sorte que les intérêts de travailler et de vivre dans les régions de montagne dans des conditions topographiques particulières soient protégés. Cela ne sera pas possible sans subventions croisées ; pour y parvenir, les zones de montagne devront, dans une certaine mesure, répondre aux besoins des zones urbaines. Il reste à renégocier les relations entre les Alpes et les plaines afin de redéfinir la complémentarité entre elles sur la base d'une nouvelle solidarité territoriale.The current regional development strategies require mountain regions to specialise in their landscape resources and to value them independently. The hypothesis is that this strategy has to be questioned in view of increasing spatial inequality in Europe. In the peripheral areas, this inequality is mainly due to differences in development opportunities. It finds its expression in an increasing social cleavage, which in turn is expressed in polarized voting practices of the population: Rich regions are acting regionalist in order to leave the larger community of solidarity of the nation state. Poor regions see nationalist and openly racist currents spreading. Cities, including those in the Alps, attract an educated and more prosperous population and are able to handle social conflicts more generously. The gap between the large core cities and their hinterlands is widening. In the interest of cohesive societies, it does not seem very expedient in this situation to further intensify regional competition by selectively valorising landscape resources. On the one hand, not all regions are in a position to do so. On the other hand, the valorisation of landscape resources, especially in the Alps, means that it must be profitable for their inhabitants so that they do not out-migrate. However, average benefits are only achievable through large economic structures. In turn, they fuel global mobility, are problematic for ecological reasons and often exclude the local population from use. The current division of European societies confirms the historical work on the resource character of social relations (Bourdieu's concept of capital, interpreted as territorial capital) and the positive effect of many but flat lines of conflict in a society (Rokkan's cross-cutting cleavages). In this light, the focus of regional development on a narrowly defined Alpine identity, which refuses to serve the interests of the neighbouring metropolitan regions, appears increasingly counterproductive. On the one hand, because it cancels out the many conflicts in favour of one single deep conflict between extra-Alpine metropolitan regions and an alpine pseudo-rurality, and on the other hand, because it cuts off the peripheral regions from external knowledge, which they need if they want to be "sustainable". Social innovations, which are particularly important for sparsely populated regions, only arise if there is an open mind towards external knowledge in addition to regional self-confidence. This is the only way to defend structures and ways of life worth preserving against the majority of the population living outside the Alps. The concept of European macro-regions could offer a way out of the tension between identity and openness, provided that these macro-regions seriously attempt to bridge prosperity trenches and national borders with their geographically wide demarcation. In order to do so, they need sufficient competence and the willingness to shape the relationship between the Alps and the plain in such a way that the interests to work and live in the mountain regions under the special conditions of topography are protected. This will not be possible without cross-subsidisation; to achieve this, mountain areas will have to some extent respond to the needs of urban areas. The task remains to renegotiate relations between the Alps and the plains in order to redefine complementarity between them on the basis of a new territorial solidarity.
- Less Regional Rhetoric, More Diversity. Urbanised Alps in the Interest of Cohesive Societies - Manfred Perlik The current regional development strategies require mountain regions to specialise in their landscape resources and to value them independently. The hypothesis is that this strategy has to be questioned in view of increasing spatial inequality in Europe. In the peripheral areas, this inequality is mainly due to differences in development opportunities. It finds its expression in an increasing social cleavage, which in turn is expressed in polarized voting practices of the population: Rich regions are acting regionalist in order to leave the larger community of solidarity of the nation state. Poor regions see nationalist and openly racist currents spreading. Cities, including those in the Alps, attract an educated and more prosperous population and are able to handle social conflicts more generously. The gap between the large core cities and their hinterlands is widening. In the interest of cohesive societies, it does not seem very expedient in this situation to further intensify regional competition by selectively valorising landscape resources. On the one hand, not all regions are in a position to do so. On the other hand, the valorisation of landscape resources, especially in the Alps, means that it must be profitable for their inhabitants so that they do not out-migrate. However, average benefits are only achievable through large economic structures. In turn, they fuel global mobility, are problematic for ecological reasons and often exclude the local population from use. The current division of European societies confirms the historical work on the resource character of social relations (Bourdieu's concept of capital, interpreted as territorial capital) and the positive effect of many but flat lines of conflict in a society (Rokkan's cross-cutting cleavages). In this light, the focus of regional development on a narrowly defined Alpine identity, which refuses to serve the interests of the neighbouring metropolitan regions, appears increasingly counterproductive. On the one hand, because it cancels out the many conflicts in favour of one single deep conflict between extra-Alpine metropolitan regions and an alpine pseudo-rurality, and on the other hand, because it cuts off the peripheral regions from external knowledge, which they need if they want to be "sustainable". Social innovations, which are particularly important for sparsely populated regions, only arise if there is an open mind towards external knowledge in addition to regional self-confidence. This is the only way to defend structures and ways of life worth preserving against the majority of the population living outside the Alps. The concept of European macro-regions could offer a way out of the tension between identity and openness, provided that these macro-regions seriously attempt to bridge prosperity gaps and national borders with their geographically wide demarcation. In order to do so, they need sufficient competence and the willingness to shape the relationship between the Alps and the plain in such a way that the interests to work and live in the mountain regions under the special conditions of topography are safeguarded. This will not be possible without cross-subsidisation; to achieve this, mountain areas will have to some extent respond to the needs of urban areas. The task remains to renegotiate relations between the Alps and the plains in order to redefine complementarity between them on the basis of a new territorial solidarity.
- Le projet de sol de la métropole montagne : Grenoble, de plaines en pentes - Charles Ambrosino, Jennifer Buyck Alors que la montagne constitue pour la région urbaine grenobloise à la fois une condition géomorphologique intangible et un marqueur identitaire structurant pour bon nombre d'activités, elle demeure le grand absent des politiques métropolitaines. L'ambition « d'affirmer son statut de métropole montagne » et « de repenser son rapport à la montagne, à la pente, dans toutes ses dimensions et spécificités » constitue certes un objectif désormais clairement affiché dans les documents de planification. Mais, une lecture attentive révèle que l'image de la montagne, telle qu'elle est mobilisée, n'échappe pas aux figures imposées de la modernité : celle-ci y est présentée à la fois comme une réserve naturelle à préserver, un emblème à mettre en scène et un espace ludo-récréatif dévolue au tourisme. Au-delà de cette vision finalement fonctionnaliste de la ville alpine, ne considérant la montagne que comme un objet parmi d'autres, quelles sont réellement les actions urbanistiques mises en place ? Que nous disent-elles des représentations de cette « métropole montagne » en construction, de sa mise en récit et de son projet ? Et plus généralement, que nous enseignent-elles sur le sens des processus de projet et sur notre conception du paysage ? C'est en mobilisant les travaux issus de multiples ateliers de projet urbain conduit à l'Institut d'Urbanisme et de Géographie Alpine et la notion de « projet de sol » (ou urbanisme des espaces ouverts) développée dans les années 1990 par l'urbaniste italien Bernardo Secchi que nous proposons de répondre à ces interrogations.Mountains are both an intangible geomorphological condition of and a structuring identity marker for a good number of activities in the Grenoble region. And yet, they stand out because of their absence from metropolitan policies. Such an absence calls the Grenoble metropolis project and its cultural basis into question – all the more so because the ambition “to assert its status as a mountain metropolis” and “to rethink its relationship with the mountains and their slopes in all its aspects and specificities” is an objective that is clearly stated in the planning documents. A careful reading of these documents reveals that the image of the mountains, as used therein, has not escaped the concepts imposed by modernity: they are presented as a nature reserve to be preserved, an emblem to showcase and a recreational activity area surrendered to tourism. Beyond what can only be described as a functionalist vision of an Alpine city, that is, a view that considers the mountains merely as objects among many others, what urban planning activities have actually been rolled out? What do they tell us about the representations of this “mountain metropolis” under construction, its narrativisation and its goal? And more generally, what do they teach us about the direction that the processes are taking and about our conception of the landscape? We propose to answer these questions by making use of the work that has resulted from the many urban project workshops held at the Urban Planning and Alpine Geography Institute (IUGA), as well as the notion of “progetto di suolo” (land design project) that Italian urban planner Bernardo Secchi developed in the 1990s.
- The Mountain Metropolis's Land Design Project. Grenoble, from Plain to Slope - Charles Ambrosino, Jennifer Buyck Mountains are both an intangible geomorphological condition of and a structuring identity marker for a good number of activities in the Grenoble region. And yet, they stand out because of their absence from metropolitan policies. Such an absence calls the Grenoble metropolis project and its cultural basis into question – all the more so because the ambition “to assert its status as a mountain metropolis” and “to rethink its relationship with the mountains and their slopes in all its aspects and specificities” is an objective that is clearly stated in the planning documents. A careful reading of these documents reveals that the image of the mountains, as used therein, has not escaped the concepts imposed by modernity: they are presented as a nature reserve to be preserved, an emblem to showcase and a recreational activity area surrendered to tourism. Beyond what can only be described as a functionalist vision of an Alpine city, that is, a view that considers the mountains merely as objects among many others, what urban planning activities have actually been rolled out? What do they tell us about the representations of this “mountain metropolis” under construction, its narrativisation and its goal? And more generally, what do they teach us about the direction that the processes are taking and about our conception of the landscape? We propose to answer these questions by making use of the work that has resulted from the many urban project workshops held at the Urban Planning and Alpine Geography Institute (IUGA), as well as the notion of “progetto di suolo” (land design project) that Italian urban planner Bernardo Secchi developed in the 1990s.
- La metro-montagna di fronte alle sfide globali. Riflessioni a partire dal caso di Torino - Giuseppe Dematteis Les échanges entre la montagne et le piémont urbanisé dans la région métropolitaine de Turin offrent un exemple paradigmatique qui renvoit à de nombreuses situations analogues dans les Alpes. L'analyse permet d'identifier certains caractères des espaces alpins compris dans des systèmes métropolitains. La croissance des échanges ville-montagne est mise en relation avec le problème de l'intégration des espaces ruraux alpins dans les régions urbaines environnantes, à partir d'une dépendance mutuelle qui n'est plus celle du XXe siècle. Cette intégration peut mener à la formation d'un système territorial bipolaire dans lequel le sous-système montagnard opère comme agent de différentiation dans un espace relationnel multiscalaire. À l'origine de ce processus, il y a la perception de la montagne comme un ensemble de valeurs complémentaires et, dans une certaine mesure, alternatives pour les urbains. Grace à eux la montagne alpine devient un laboratoire dans lequel les nouveaux arrivants cherchent à combiner les avantages de la ville avec la diversité radicale de l'environnement montagnard. L'hypothèse qu'une nouvelle centralité culturelle de la montagne puisse réduire au fil du temps sa dépendance fonctionnelle est à confronter aux réponses aux changements globaux concernant l'environnement, la technologie et l'impact de l'économie néolibérale. La conclusion est qu'une nouvelle urbanité alpine est réalisable s'il y a une réponse organisée à ces changements, de façon à réaliser un cercle vertueux de croissance des résidents, des services et de l'emploi.The interchange between the mountain areas and the urbanized piedmont within the metropolitan region of Turin is taken as a paradigmatic example of similar situations widely present in the Alps. The analysis helps to identify some general characters of the Alpine spaces included in metropolitan territorial systems. The increasing mutual dependences between them stimulates a reflexion on the integration of rural mountain areas in metropolitan regions, starting from new mutual dependences. This integration can lead to a construction of a bi-polar urban region in which the metro-mountain sub-system become an agent of differentiation in a multi-level relational space. This process depends largely on the perception of the inner mountain as a set of economic, cultural, aesthetic and existential values, complementary and partially alternative to the urban. Thanks to them the Alpine mountain could become a laboratory of settlement and business experiences trying to combine the advantages of the urban life with the radical diversity of local environment. The hypothesis that a new cultural centrality could reduce the functional dependence of inner mountain is discussed in the face of responses to the impact of global changes concerning environment, technology and neo-liberal financial economy. The conclusion is that only an organized reaction to these treats can entail a virtuous circle of growth of new residents, employment and services, implementing the idea of a new Alpine urbanity.
- The Alpine Metropolitan-Mountain Faced with Global Challenges. Reflections on the Case of Turin - Giuseppe Dematteis Les échanges entre la montagne et le piémont urbanisé dans la région métropolitaine de Turin offrent un exemple paradigmatique qui renvoit à de nombreuses situations analogues dans les Alpes. L'analyse permet d'identifier certains caractères des espaces alpins compris dans des systèmes métropolitains. La croissance des échanges ville-montagne est mise en relation avec le problème de l'intégration des espaces ruraux alpins dans les régions urbaines environnantes, à partir d'une dépendance mutuelle qui n'est plus celle du XXe siècle. Cette intégration peut mener à la formation d'un système territorial bipolaire dans lequel le sous-système montagnard opère comme agent de différentiation dans un espace relationnel multiscalaire. À l'origine de ce processus, il y a la perception de la montagne comme un ensemble de valeurs complémentaires et, dans une certaine mesure, alternatives pour les urbains. Grace à eux la montagne alpine devient un laboratoire dans lequel les nouveaux arrivants cherchent à combiner les avantages de la ville avec la diversité radicale de l'environnement montagnard. L'hypothèse qu'une nouvelle centralité culturelle de la montagne puisse réduire au fil du temps sa dépendance fonctionnelle est à confronter aux réponses aux changements globaux concernant l'environnement, la technologie et l'impact de l'économie néolibérale. La conclusion est qu'une nouvelle urbanité alpine est réalisable s'il y a une réponse organisée à ces changements, de façon à réaliser un cercle vertueux de croissance des résidents, des services et de l'emploi.The interchange between the mountain areas and the urbanized piedmont within the metropolitan region of Turin is taken as a paradigmatic example of similar situations widely present in the Alps. The analysis helps to identify some general characters of the Alpine spaces included in metropolitan territorial systems. The increasing mutual dependences between them stimulates a reflexion on the integration of rural mountain areas in metropolitan regions, starting from new mutual dependences. This integration can lead to a construction of a bi-polar urban region in which the metro-mountain sub-system become an agent of differentiation in a multi-level relational space. This process depends largely on the perception of the inner mountain as a set of economic, cultural, aesthetic and existential values, complementary and partially alternative to the urban. Thanks to them the Alpine mountain could become a laboratory of settlement and business experiences trying to combine the advantages of the urban life with the radical diversity of local environment. The hypothesis that a new cultural centrality could reduce the functional dependence of inner mountain is discussed in the face of responses to the impact of global changes concerning environment, technology and neo-liberal financial economy. The conclusion is that only an organized reaction to these treats can entail a virtuous circle of growth of new residents, employment and services, implementing the idea of a new Alpine urbanity.
- La transition énergétique : eldorado des relations ville-campagne ? Le cas de TEPOS métropole-montagne - François Balaye, Lisa Bienvenu, Gilles Debizet, Pierre-Antoine Landel L'évolution des modes de production de l'énergie interroge les relations entre les territoires ruraux (potentiellement excédentaires) et urbains (plutôt déficitaires) et plus particulièrement entre campagne et ville. Si l'organisation des flux énergétiques entre lieux de production et de consommation a été largement traitée sous l'angle des réseaux, elle l'est peu sous celui des relations institutionnelles entre territoires. Cet article analyse les transactions entre institutions urbaines et de montagne menées dans le cadre des démarches « Territoire à Énergie Positive » (TEPOS) conduites en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Constatant la disjonction entre les objets discutés et la réalité des flux, il souligne l'écart entre la promesse de complémentarité ville-campagne appelée par la transition énergétique et la modestie des TEPOS au sein d'une mosaïque et juxtaposition de scènes (trans-)territoriales centrées sur la planification ou des vecteurs énergétiques. C'est par son agilité et sa créativité que la démarche TEPOS pourrait trouver sa pertinence et sa pérennité en complément d'une planification institutionnalisée intégrant la transition énergétique.Changing energy production patterns are posing a challenge to the relations between rural territories, where production could potentially exceed consumption, and their urban counterparts, where the opposite tends to hold true. Energy flows between places of production and places of consumption have largely been considered from the point of view of networks and less from the perspective of the institutional relations between territories. This article analyses transactions between cities and upland institutions carried out within the framework of the “Territoires à Energie Positive” (Positive Energy Territories) – or TEPOS – process in France's Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.There is a disconnect between the TEPOS topics and the reality of the flows, and it underlines the gap between the promise of rural/urban complementarity (called by energy transition policies) and the weak position of the TEPOS within a mosaic and juxtaposition of decision-making arenas pertaining to spatial planning or energy carriers. Thanks to its agility and creativity, the TEPOS process could find relevance and sustainability, in addition to institutionalised planning that - variously and slowly - incorporates the energy transition aims.
- Energy Transition: The El Dorado of Urban-Rural Relationships? The Case of Metropolitan and Upland TEPOS - François Balaye, Lisa Bienvenu, Gilles Debizet, Pierre-Antoine Landel Changing energy production patterns are posing a challenge to the relations between rural territories, where production could potentially exceed consumption, and their urban counterparts, where the opposite tends to hold true. Energy flows between places of production and places of consumption have largely been considered from the point of view of networks and less from the perspective of the institutional relations between territories. This article analyses transactions between cities and upland institutions carried out within the framework of the “Territoires à Energie Positive” (Positive Energy Territories) – or TEPOS – process in France's Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.There is a disconnect between the TEPOS topics and the reality of the flows, and it underlines the gap between the promise of rural/urban complementarity (called by energy transition policies) and the weak position of the TEPOS within a mosaic and juxtaposition of decision-making arenas pertaining to spatial planning or energy carriers. Thanks to its agility and creativity, the TEPOS process could find relevance and sustainability, in addition to institutionalised planning that - variously and slowly - incorporates the energy transition aims.
- The “Metropolitan City” in Italy: New Spaces for Dialogue and Interaction Between the City and the Mountain - Federica Corrado, Erwin Durbiano The mountain areas live a period of new dynamism, in which the connection with the urban context has an important role in terms of cultural redesign of values, physical and functional connections with the local areas and creation of urban-mountain interactions. The article focuses on Italian mountain system, comprising experimentation and excellence, but even rupture and depopulation perspectives, in which the city and mountain are no longer simply the borders of an entre-deux (“between two”, Bourdeau 2015) relationship.The article taking into consideration the current direction of Metropolitan Cities, the newborn institutions established as an intermediate level in local governance. The new Metropolitan Cities were officially born in 2014, following the approval of Law n° 56 “Disposizioni sulle città metropolitane, sulle province, sulle unioni e fusioni di comuni” (Provisions concerning metropolitan cities, provinces, and unions/fusions between townships). Metropolitan Cities are defined as wide-scale local entities and they are institutional body with task of planning and local development government, in many cases regarding urban and mountain territories.The article proposes a wide range of situations in which forms of strategic planning for the systemization of city-mountain relationships has been adopted. At first level, it has been considered Strategic plans that give formal indication about the exchange between urban and mountain areas. Three significant cases: the Piano Strategico della città e del territorio di Cuneo 2020 (2020 Strategic plan for the city of Cuneo and its surroundings mountain areas); the Piano Strategico territoriale della Provincia di Belluno (Strategic plan for the mountain-urban area of Belluno); and the Piano Strategico Metropolitano di Bologna 2020 (2020 Strategic plan for the metropolitan city of Bologna and its surroundings mountain area ).At second level the analysis regards the initiatives carried out by the Aosta Valley region (the Strategic Plan for Aosta) and the experience of the “Piano Strategico dei Comuni dell'Alto Canavese” (Strategic Plan for the townships in the Alpine upper Canavese area, within the Metropolitan City of Turin). Wide areas in which the actors have experimented a strategic planning in order to create strong interactions between urban and mountain context through a process of local governance.The results of the analysis permit to highlight some issues: the definition of mutual benefit between city and mountain context; the construction of a strategic polycentric vision inside the urban-mountain territories; concerns inter-territoriality as a tool to build metropolitan identity.
- La Città Metropolitana in Italia: nuovi spazi di dialogo e relazione tra città e montagna - Federica Corrado, Erwin Durbiano
- Trento Social Commons. Community Engagement as Tools for New Physical and Cultural Relationships Between Rural and Peripheral Spaces - Alessandro Gretter, Chiara Rizzi, Sara Favargiotti, Alessandro Betta, Giovanna Ulrici Expansion of urbanized areas heavily changed cultural landscapes' features in many European countries. Mountain territories have been hit by such processes too; due to their peculiar social and topographical characteristics these effects have been greater than in other territories. Moreover, urbanization expansion process in the Alps is strongly related with temporary dynamics depending from touristic fluxes, implementation of new spaces of mobility, economic development and living.In a context of extreme land scarcity like in the Alps, urban sprawl and dwellers' search for nature proximity to homes and residential areas put territorial governance instruments under pressure and opens up complex questions.Beside other experiences between urban and peripheral spaces, the essay aims at speculating that typical rural communitarian governance models are able to strengthen collective interests over individual ones and can be translated into urban governance models by public authorities. Direct observations in the city of Trento demonstrated how citizens - even where specific collective governance models are not commonly applied – involved in specific projects are able to generate systemic solution and self-develop associative and cooperative models to regenerate open spaces around the city. Such examples can be considered as pilots to be extended to other (alpine) urban territories following an approach that the city of Trento is implementing through different participatory policy instruments or through European projects.
- Trento Social Commons. Coinvolgimento comunitario come modalità per una nuova relazione fisica e culturale tra spazi urbani, periferici e rurali - Alessandro Gretter, Chiara Rizzi, Sara Favargiotti, Alessandro Betta, Giovanna Ulrici
- Des dispositifs de connaissances territoriales pour (re)penser les relations villes-montagnes des métropoles alpines - Emmanuel Roux Cet article propose de montrer en quoi les dispositifs de connaissance territoriale, en tant que systèmes de représentations et d'expressions des problématiques contemporaines, sont révélateurs des logiques de constructions métropolitaines alpines et de l'évolution des rapports ville-montagne. À partir de l'analyse d'un corpus de diagnostics de territoires et d'entretiens réalisés auprès d'élus et techniciens d'une métropole alpine, nous montrerons que les dispositifs cognitifs expriment en premier lieu à la fois des logiques de juxtaposition et d'entrelacs des problématiques urbaines et montagnardes. Ils expriment en second lieu les perspectives et les écueils d'une intégration des communes de montagne dans un giron métropolitain. Enfin ils révèlent l'émergence de dispositifs adaptatifs, d'intermédiation visant à faciliter l'élaboration de métropoles alpines aux rapports de réciprocité ville-montagne.This paper proposes to show how the territorial cognitive devices, as systems of representations and expressions of contemporary problems, are indicative of the logics of “alpine metropolitan cities” constructions and of the evolution of relationships city-mountain. From the analysis of a corpus of diagnostics of territories and interviews carried out with elected officials and technicians of an alpine metropolis, we will show that the cognitive devices express in the first place both the logics of juxtaposition and of interweaving of the urban and mountainous issues. Secondly, they express the prospects and pitfalls of integrating the mountain municipalities into metropolitan cities. Finally, they reveal the emergence of adaptive devices, of intermediation aimed at facilitating the elaboration of alpine metropolitan cities with reciprocally relationships city-mountain.
- Devices for Understanding Territory to Rethink Relations Between City and Highland in Alpine Metropolitan Areas - Emmanuel Roux This paper proposes to show how territorial cognitive devices, in their capacity as patterns of representations and expressions of contemporary problems, are indicative of the rationales underpinning the formation of ‘Alpine metropolitan areas' and shifting relations between city and highland. Drawing on analysis of a corpus of territorial diagnosis studies and interviews with policy-makers and technicians belonging to a metropolitan council in the French Alps, we show that cognitive devices primarily express the rationales of juxtaposition and interweaving of urban and mountainous issues. They also express the prospects and pitfalls for integrating mountain municipalities in a metropolitan area. Lastly they reveal the emergence of devices for adaptation and mediation to ease the formation of metropolitan areas in the Alps with reciprocal relationships between city and highland.
- Pre-Progettazione Strategica in Territori Piè-Montani: Il Caso Della Zona Omogenea Pinerolese - Maria Anna Bertolino
- Pre-Planning in Piedmont Areas: the Strategic Plan “Pinerolese Yard: Towards a Plain-Mountain Network” of the Pinerolese Homogeneous Zone (Piedmont, Italy) - Maria Anna Bertolino This paper is about city-mountain relationship as pointed out in a pre-planning work done by the Pinerolese Homogeneous Zone of the Metropolitan City of Turin (Western Italian Alps) and supported by the “Call for technical assistance for the elaboration of local territorial development strategies” of the program “Turin and the Alps” from the Compagnia di San Paolo Foundation (Turin). The pre-planning work led to a strategic plan called “Pinerolese yard: toward a plain-mountain network”. During its planning, the city of Pinerolo established a dialogue with the different local mountain actors that marked a new vision for the entire territory. This vision called for the overcoming of the core-periphery model, which emerged in the area in the last century because of economic and social dynamics such as depopulation and desertification of the traditional mountains activities. Moreover, both the administrative reconstruction of the Metropolitan City of Turin and the macro-regional strategy Eusalp are nowadays external forces that require a joint public action between urban and mountain territories in order to reach a greater territorial competitiveness, especially in medium-sized territories, such as the Pinerolese Homogeneous Zone. This could be achieved in different ways: on the one hand by structuring an alternative offer to the metropolis in terms of goods and services, on the other by better managing the city-mountain interchange.
- Réformes territoriales et modifications des rapports ville-montagne dans les Alpes-Maritimes - Lauranne Jacob L'objectif de cet article est de présenter le cas d'étude spécifique des Alpes-Maritimes, département français marqué par un caractère double, maritime et alpin, qui connait de profondes recompositions territoriales susceptibles de modifier les relations ville-montagne. Près de quatre ans après la mise en œuvre des réformes territoriales, l'analyse des nouveaux découpages territoriaux, éclairée par des aspects historiques, politiques et sociologiques tend à démontrer que celles-ci n'ont, pour le moment, pas engendré de changements radicaux dans l'équilibre ville-montagne du département des Alpes-Maritimes. La création de grandes intercommunalités maritimes et alpines implique de repenser les rapports ville-montagne dans le sens de la complémentarité.En revanche, la politique de développement de la montagne menée pourrait aboutir à une forme de « disneylandisation » (Crettaz, 1993) du haut-pays montagnard.The objective of this paper is to present a case study specific to the Alpes-Maritimes département; a region of France characterised by its dual maritime and alpine nature, and one that has undergone significant territorial restructuring susceptible to alter relationships between urban and mountainous regions.Almost four years after territorial reforms were implemented, analysis of new territorial divisions, informed by historical, political and sociological aspects, suggests that they have not, for the time being, resulted in radical changes to the current balance between urban and mountainous regions in the Alpes-Maritimes département. The creation of large coastal and alpine intermunicipal authorities signifies that links between urban and mountainous regions need to be addressed in order to ensure they complement each other.However, development policy for mountainous regions could result in a form of ‘disneyfication' (Crettaz 1993) in mountainous regions.
- Territorial Reforms and Changing Relationships Between Urban and Mountainous Regions in the Alpes-Maritimes département - Lauranne Jacob The objective of this paper is to present a case study specific to the Alpes-Maritimes département; a region of France characterised by its dual maritime and alpine nature, and one that has undergone significant territorial restructuring susceptible to alter relationships between urban and mountainous regions.Almost four years after territorial reforms were implemented, analysis of new territorial divisions, informed by historical, political and sociological aspects, suggests that they have not, for the time being, resulted in radical changes to the current balance between urban and mountainous regions in the Alpes-Maritimes département. The creation of large coastal and alpine intermunicipal authorities signifies that links between urban and mountainous regions need to be addressed in order to ensure they complement each other.However, development policy for mountainous regions could result in a form of ‘disneyfication' (Crettaz 1993) in mountainous regions.