Contenu du sommaire : Entendre les violences - II

Entendre les violences - II

• Présentation - Pierre Salama
• Prostitution, crime organisé et marchandisation - Richard Poulin
  Prostitution, organised crime and merchandising Analyses of capitalist globalisation bearing on the industry of sexual trade are rare. While in full expansion, this industry produces very large population movements and generates flashy incomes. Its phenomenal growth entails the transformation of millions of women and children into sexual merchandise. After assessing the rise of sexual markets and examining the role of organised crime on the basis of its global deployment, the article analyses the merchandising process at work and the mechanisms through which specific human merchandises alienated through their sex are « fabricated ».
• La violence indienne aux prises avec l'imaginaire - Djallal G. Heuze
  Indian violence at loggerheads with the imaginary Taking as examples the recurrent drama experienced within the framework of popular Hindu and Moslem milieus, this article attempts to portray the fundamental dimensions of mass violence. Instrumentalist and structuralist theories are not denied. However, the analysed situations reveal that, within entire gaps of violence, imaginary representations and hybrid « civilisation constructions » hold a considerable place. The data related to gender and sexual tensions, the reinvention of the hero and the martyr, the appropriation of space through religious bias play major parts. The fascination exerted on crowds through confrontation is not due to taste for brutality but to the relationships that the latter entertains with the
• Pauvreté, crime et croissance en Colombie : disparités régionales - Ricardo Rocha, Hermes Martinez
  Poverty, crime and growth in Colombia : Regional disparities . This article entails a two-stage empirical study of the relationships between poverty, criminality and economic growth, on the basis of literature and statistical analysis, from departmental data covering the 1981-1998 period. Privations suffered by the population and reduced opportunity costs resulting from low budgetary provisions favour criminality, which in turn has negative repercussions on the saving-investment process. The results obtained suggest that despite the development of drug trafficking, the risks of increasing poverty and the loss of growth would have been higher if Columbia had not experienced a parallel economic and social progress. The results also bring to light the importance of political goodwill in improving growth.
• Les conflits armés en Afrique : mythes et limites de l'analyse économique - Philippe Hugon
  Armed conflicts in Africa : Contributions, myths and limits of economic analyses. Conflict zones have been spreading since the collapse of the Berlin wall and there is need to rethink them. Is an economist warranted to broach the subject of armed conflicts, are African conflicts in any way specific ? Economic factors play an important role but are highly controversial depending on the authors and disciplines. This article presents an economic analysis and the international quantitative tests for conflictive factors ; it proposes a political economy of African conflicts and an opening in terms of chaotic entropy and systemic uncertainties as modes of analysing the intertwining of plural factors.
• La violence ethnique à l'épreuve des faits : le cas du Nigéria - Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos
  Ethnic violence in the face of facts : The case of Nigeria. Reputed as one of the most violent countries of Africa, Nigeria has gone through numerous conflicts, which don't correspond to lineage patterns only. In fact, power networks and ethnic identities first constitute a handy mode of mobilisation for politicians rivalling at State control and the resources thereto. Given such a viewpoint, tribal explanations of violence are profoundly reductive. Considered within the federal framework, which upholds indigenous rights, community disputes, in reality, obey dynamics « from below » just as those « from above ».

• Varia

  • Colombie : le contexte social de la concentration de la propriété rurale à la fin du XXe siècle - Alcides Gomez Jimenez
    The social context of rural property concentration at the end of the XXth century. An unprecedented phenomenon of land tenure concentration is occurring in rural Colombia. It brings about massive peasant evictions resulting in an increase of poverty and of disparity levels much worse than in cities. This extension of the latifundia is linked to drug trafficking. It uses violent methods of expropriation of the peasantry. As such, the transformation of agricultural land into pastures has been exaggerated, without a parallel increase in livestock. The livestock rearing zones hardly contribute to fiscal revenue and block the functioning of the land market. Agrarian reform in Columbia is as such waiting for its hour.
  • Travail précoce au Brésil : réalité sociale et enjeu politique - Sonia Rocha
    Premature labour in Brazil : Social reality and political stakes. The article characterizes the labour of children aged between 10 and 14 years. Given that the age of entry into the labour market does not play a preponderant role on individuals' future income, the study relies on other pertinent aspects of reality, such as the combination of labour and schooling, and their incidence on laborious activities. Widespread as it still is, premature labour reflects a wide range of varying life situations. Therefore, critical conditions requiring the deployment of a specific social policy, that doubly aims at child protection and at fighting future poverty, must be precisely identified.

• Bibliographie

  
  • Ouvrages sur le développement diffusés en France en avril-septembre 2003

• Analyses Bibliographiques