Contenu du sommaire : Entendre les violences

Entendre les violences

• Comprendre et limiter les violences : une présentation. - Jean Cartier-Bresson
  Understanding and limiting violence : A presentation. A new understanding of violent internal conflicts has emerged form the initiatives of numerous researchers in international relations. It stresses the ethnic character of the conflicts and their economic objectives (looting). As an aggregate of crimes and homicides in third world countries, the theme amounts to a new agenda for security. In the light of various contributions, this presentation challenges the dominant view and attempts to clarify the basis of debates on the causes and consequences of violence, as well as the means to reduce it.
• Aspects économiques des guerres civiles. - Macartan Humphreys
• Matières premières, violences et conflits armés. - Philippe Le Billon
  Raw materials, violence and armed conflicts. A number of armed conflicts in the third world are financed with raw materials. The relative importance of such income is on the increase, given the diminishing benefits of what is hereby termed as the geo-strategic rent of the cold war. The control of raw materials, territories and marketing networks now influence the strategies of armed groups, the process of conflicts and their resolution. It is however simplistic to qualify these as « resources wars », principally motivated by the cupidity of combatants. Foreign commercial interests and the state of dependency on raw materials, at times resulting in State delinquency, are just as important factors to take into account.
• Les virtuoses de la violence. Remarques sur la privatisation du maintien de l'ordre en Indonésie contemporaine. - Romain Bertrand
• Les violences entre hindous et musulmans au Gujarat (Inde) en 2002 : émeutes d'Etat, pogromes et réaction anti-jihadiste. - Christophe Jaffrelot
  Violence between Hindus and Moslems in Gujarati (Inda) in 2002 : State riots, pogroms and anti-jihad reactions. Riots between Hindus and Moslems increasingly hinge on political determinants. The violence of 2002 in Gujarati is however unique, due to the level of implication of political actors and to the government of that particular State. Such a political instrumentation has been facilitated by Islamic attacks organised in India since december 2001, thus fuelling a desire for reprisals within the Hindu majority. The propaganda of the nationalist Hindu movement has also created conditions that unleash violence even among the aborigine populations, due to the thickening of militant networks of the movement in the current years.
• Sur la nature et les causes du terrorisme. Une revue de la littérature économique. - Thierry Deffarges
  On the nature and causes of terrorism : A review of the economic literature. This article proposes a critical appraisal of the economic literature devoted to terrorism. On the one hand, contributions, based on standard economic methods and new micro-economy methods, attempt to determine the rationality of a violence whose objectives are political, on the other hand, they seek to determine the economic causes. The author hereby attempts to show that the formal methods of economics can but only be partially useful in addressing the issue of terrorism, especially as regards the meaning attached thereto.
• Homicides en Amérique du Sud : les pauvres sont-ils dangereux ? - Mamadou Camara
  Camara Mamadou, Salama Pierre. Homicides en Amérique du Sud : les pauvres sont-ils dangereux ?. In: Tiers-Monde, tome 44, n°174, 2003. Entendre les violences, sous la direction de Jean Cartier-Bresson et Pierre Salama. pp. 393-416.

  Homicides in South America. Are the poor dangerous ? Are the poor the principal causes of violence ? Can repressive policies be effective and significantly reduce homicide rates or should the dominant modes of development in these countries be re-examined ? The aim of this article is, first, to overview the state of the matter, then to analyse and discuss the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, from an econometric test concerning a number of South American countries, between 1995 and 2000. It finally intends to show that while violence and its rise often have economic roots, it is vain to limit the explanation of the phenomenon to economic determinism.
• "Construire la paix" après des massacres. - Béatrice Pouligny
  « Building peace » after massacres. This contribution is concerned with what it may mean to « construct » peace, in societies that have been subjected to mass crimes. It underlines the specific difficulties that researchers are confronted with in practical situations. On the one hand, they have to understand how such massacres could be committed beyond common beliefs on the subject ; on the other, they have to identify resources from which peace may be built in the given society. In so doing, they have to delve deeply into highly paradoxical situations. Such is the adventure for which the first part of this article advances several methodological

• Piques et polémiques

  • Ah, que les économistes sont fatigants ! - Jean-Marc Fontaine

• Varia

  • Réforme agraire et marché foncier : la réflexion aux Etats-Unis et son impact dans les institutions multilatérales de développement.
    Agrarian reform and land market : Evolution of agricultural land economics in the United States, and its influence in multilateral institutions us land economics approach was reshaped through the 20th century, according to the evolution of domestic and foreign contexts. The freehold estate constitution let the place of land regulating main agent to the market. Land reform, become a central point in US foreign policy after World War II, was focused on from 1945, giving place to land market in the 1980s. Neo-institutionalist approaches about land market imperfections is renewing the reflection, in which are increasingly participating multilateral institutions.

• Bibliographie