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Since the late 2000s, urban identity has become a fashionable concept for many humanities. This paper aims to produce a conceptual framework for capturing the formation of urban identities through the articulation between projected images and perceived images and their respective components. From an extensive and a cross-disciplinary approach, we highlight the components of each one. The components of the perceived image are the desired image, the lived image, and the inherited image. The components of the projected identity are the normative identity, the strategic identity, the socially dominant identity and the marketed identity. For capturing the components of projected identities, we refer to empirical studies about websites contents for a range of French cities from global to small ones. Results confirm the framework of components and indicate a strong influence of strategic and normative identities compared to marketed and socially dominant identities. The lack of a socially dominant identity in sprawling and fragmented metropolises or the absence of real distinctive features in small towns could explain such a pattern. Alongside, a case study from the Bordeaux 2050 foresight workshops allows us to consider the influences of the components of the perceived image. This qualitative study validates the structure of the perceived image in which the lived image seems to be crucial but tied to the individuals' social conditions. The lived image generates the feared images that give rise to the desired images. Finally, by mobilizing the works concerned, we highlight the negative effects in terms of attractiveness of an inconsistency between perceived images and projected identities. Understanding the structure of identity is therefore useful for those who conceive it as a major driving force for the development of cities.JEL Codes: R20, R23, R30

Few studies have introduced the issue of waste into the property valuation by the hedonic prices method in Sub-Saharan Africa. By using microdata, this article aims to study the impact of basic services on rental value in the slums of Abidjan (Ivory Coast). Several reasons make our study original. First, we use the theoretical model of hedonic prices which allows us to measure the valuation of basic services in rental value. Next, our study grounds in a household survey data that we collected in 2014 in the slums of Abidjan. Finally, we focus on several basic services: water, sanitation, electricity and waste collection. Our results highlight facts which contribute to the literature on property valuation on Sub-Saharan countries. As expected, we find that the rental price of housing with improved access on sanitation, connected to the water network and/or electricity, is relatively higher. However and against all odds, the presence of organized waste collection has no impact on these rental values. Indeed, this service is not "organized" because it can be offered either by formal or informal operators according to the districts of Abidjan. Furthermore, precollectors working conditions are often poor and their service are not always continuous. In this context, our study is a first attempt to assess the benefits that households associate with this service. It is likely that households underestimate the benefits and we could expect that the access to organized waste collection lead to a better rental value if they would be more aware of this service importance.JEL Classification: O55, O18, I31, R21

Land development triggers a social debate in France, as in Europe, opposing, on the one hand, the preservation of agriculture and of the environment and, on the other hand, the needs for dwellings and offices, shops, and factories. Our contribution relates to spatial determinants of this question. We use a new database gathering tax files data (2009-2017), operated by CEREMA, the French Administration in charge of the management of this database. It provides data at the geographic level of the 33,872 French municipalities included in the study. We observe that urban land conversion is very unevenly distributed in space. To analyze the determinants of this distribution, an econometric model is estimated by the method of instrumental variables that takes into account the endogeneity of some variables. As predicted by geographical economics theory, the results show the key role of agglomeration forces in the urban conversion of undeveloped land: the more population and the higher the productivity, the more conversions. Urbanization consumes land especially in the largest urban areas of the country, especially since they are large, and the location is close to the urban center. Urbanization operates more by development on new plots in metropolitan areas, where land resources are scarce and expensive. These results show that the urban conversion of land have to be managed at a local level: on the one hand, the metropolization mechanisms create jobs and lead to increases in income; on the other hand, non-metropolitan areas have low needs for urbanization. Other geographic variables, related to the « first Nature » of Krugman analysis, such as the shoreline, or other amenities, such as climate, contribute to increased urban land conversions.JEL Classification: Q24, R12, R14, R52

Between 2014 and 2017, the legislative framework for the design of regional public policies has significantly evolved. In particular, the redefinition of the scope of regions' competences has affected the social and solidarity economy (SSE). These changes are taking place in a particular environment. Indeed, the recent ESS law requires regions to establish a plural space of expression between SSE and political stakeholders: the SSE regional conferences. This biannual mechanism has a double specificity: (1) on the one hand, it can be co-constructed by the legislator; (2) on the other hand, its conclusions must be taken into account in the drafting of the SRDE2I, a prescriptive document describing regional public policies. These political events take place in a particular social context. At the same time, despite an inquiry for participatory mechanisms, SSE stakeholders find it difficult to become involved in this type of process. This contribution confronts the mechanism set up by the SSE and NOTre laws with an interpretative grid of the concept of co-construction. Based on this inputs, it then analyses the SSE 2016 Nouvelle-Aquitaine conference, which claims to be co-constructed. Furthermore, the contribution notes an effort from a various numbers of stakeholders (political and civil society actors) towards more co-construction, and the emergence of a perfectible but undeniably participatory process. However, asymmetries of information make this common construction imperceptible to a large number of stakeholders, who do not feel they have had a real impact on the process.JEL Classification: S035, S037

The paper aims to clarify the role of equine sectors (breeding, race training, equestrian centers) in regional development. The economic impact model used is a hybrid between the economic or export base and Keynesian theory. It has been applied in two French districts (Ain and Allier) known for the diversity and attractiveness of their horse industry. While Allier has a percentage of basic jobs in equine sectors (0.76%), especially in horse raising across all sectors then in racehorses training, the relative role of the equine sector is much lower in Ain (0.18%) and closely related to equestrian centers and saddle horses breeders. The first wave of spending plays a predominant and very contrasting role between the two departments : it is significantly higher in the Ain (0.32) than in Allier (0.23). The weakness of the indirect and induced effects in Allier is explained both by the limited local supply of the race sector and the nature of basic jobs in the Allier (horse trainers participating in races on all France). In addition, the share of external demand in total demand for each segment of the sector is all the higher as the district concerned is "specialized" in this segment. For example, nearly 40 % of direct employments in equestrian centers is driven by external demand in Ain, while 90 % satisfy a local demand in Allier. The equine sectors thus seem to be at the origin of a "consumption base" effect from anchored territorial resources (races in Allier region) or from a growing external demand (Switzerland and the urban area of Lyon for the equestrian centers in Ain) by diverting some of the external consumption to their profit.JEL Classification: R11, R15, R58, Q19, Z30

Retreat and reflection spaces for creative entrepreneurs and self-employed workers are developing in remote areas. They differ from collaborative workspaces, such as coworking spaces, in their locations and the way they operate. This recent phenomenon questions the link between place of life and place of work for these populations. In the knowledge economy, the search for network and cluster effects appears paradigmatic and often related to high urban density. Therefore, what do these step-back places, located in peripheral and sparsely populated areas, teach us? Trying to escape the phenomena of conformity and imitation, they are intended to promote entrepreneurial creativity. Based on a monographic approach to one of these spaces located in France, the paper proposes to define an exploratory framework for what could be designated as fourth-places, with reference to Oldenburg's third-places, at the center of a triptych "home – workplace – holidays". In those spaces, we can observe a hybridization between the creative and recreational dimensions, i.e. a lack of separation between these two spheres for creative entrepreneurs. Results highlight a growing separation of living and working places, due to the development of digital networks. Our analysis shows that the environment and the quality of life of certain peripheral territories interfere positively in the process of entrepreneurial creativity. We conclude by supporting the idea that remote areas should be reassessed according to their contribution to innovation and creativity, in particular through the temporary mobility and hosting of creative workers.JEL Classification: R58, P25, O31, L26