Contenu du sommaire : Les polarisations territoriales de l'ESS

The issue of social food sustainability highlights several challenges: giving everyone access to quality food products, limiting the ecological footprint of the agri-food sector, revitalizing territories by better combining urban and rural worlds, or even encouraging citizens' reappropriation of the sector. Today, territorial dynamics aim to resolve the tensions between economic, social, and spatial logics. These dynamics include not-for-profit organizations and cooperatives, drawn together under the designation of social and solidarity economy (SSE). There are different types of local productive systems (in terms of industrial fabric, attraction factors, specific resources) whose dynamics are closely linked to the strategies of the actors who cross them.This article aims to analyze and to demonstrate the interactions between these actors and their territorial political and economic ecosystems. First, we give a precise and argued definition of the link between SSE actors and territorial development by using the French school of proximity relations. Then we present and analyze updated cartography of these actions based on a detailed analysis of the link between proximity relations and territorial cooperation between actors. We end with a discussion about the conditions and limits of this case study. We demonstrate how these actors try to build a collective answer in touch with the local authority. The local authority encourages the exchange of good practices between them. These coordinations try to create social proximity. However, the institutional distance between these actors blocks the territorial coordination. Our article contributes to a better understanding of territorial coordination and governance between public and private actors, particularly in local social and sustainable food ecosystems.JEL Classification: R50, R11, R58, L31.

The article explores the conditions for the emergence and consolidation of dynamics of territorial cooperation in the social and solidarity-based economy (SSE), with the example of the French Territorial Clusters of Economic Cooperation (TCECs). From a theoretical perspective, the article draws from the economy of proximity and from the political sociology of the territorial regimes of the SSE. In that sense, the TCECs can be considered as territorial cooperative innovations which indicate, with varying degrees of success, SSE-oriented development paths for the territory. From an empirical standpoint, the trajectory of the South-Aquitaine TCEC, an intersectoral TCEC located in Tarnos (Landes), is compared with two TCECs from the former Rhônes-Alpes region: the Pôle Sud Archer at Romans (Drôme) and Domb'Innov at Trévoux (Ain). The comparison evidences a shared set of conditions favourable to the anchoring and the development of a territorial process of cooperation and clustering in the SSE: areas undergoing economic restructuring; a territorial memory of former successful cooperations; the key-role of a parent organization, be it associative or public, in the activation and hybridization of the territorial resources; a moving formal perimeter of the TCECs. Nevertheless, these TCECs differ substantially with respect to each other concerning the actors involved in the cooperation (associations, cooperatives, private for-profit companies, public authorities) and their priority activities (geared towards job-seekers, inhabitants, local companies or local authorities), the nature and intensity of cooperation between heterogeneous stakeholders, the articulation with territorial development policies, the impact of the SSE footprint on territorial development. The future of the PTCEs, however, remains uncertain and will depend upon state and local policy-making, the transformations of the territorial socio-economies, changes in the interlocking between the SSE and territorial development paths.JEL Classification: L31, L38, Y8, Z13.

Our research focuses on the growing instrumentation of public action towards Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE). More precisely, we question SSE clusterisation public instruments and their application at the local scale. Our analytical framework comes from two main literatures: 1. public action instrumentation with the notion of management tool understood by the French critical sociology; 2. the institutional logics approach, derived from neo institutionalist theory. Through this framework, we aim to understand if the adequation of the institutional logics between an instrument and the project which appropriates it, is a condition for territorial cooperation. The analysis builds on two doctoral thesis works and consists in two case studies of appropriation of clusterisation instruments in south of France. The first one comes from the regional level whereas the second one was created at the national level. Both appropriation processes are considered as failures because of their incapacity to develop and perennialize activities. We also shed light on the non-hybridization of the institutional logics identified in the two cases. Through the investigation of failure cases, our results contribute to enhance different dimensions of public instruments: empowerment, constraint and adaptability reactions. In both cases analysed, we identify two main patterns: 1. the managerial logic identified dominates and imposes on the activist or solidarity funding logics; 2. Even if at some stages, local actors manage to emancipate from the instrument, its constraint dimension gets more and more influent and leads to the failure of both clusterisation projects.JEL Classification: L31, L38, R38, R58.

Urban green spaces may generate positive externalities in terms of environment, health and city attractiveness. However, the nature and intensity of benefits generated by urban green spaces may depend on their size, spatial distribution or intrinsic composition. Faced with a potentially complex and heterogeneous object, it is important for researchers and political decision-makers to have appropriate measures to evaluate the impact of urban green spaces on environmental, social or economic factors. Using the Corine Land Cover database for 75 European cities, we provide a typology relying on a Multiple Factor Analysis and a Hierarchical Ascendant Classification. We then use urban tree cover data (Street Tree Layer) to refine our characterisation of urban green spaces provision by considering the spatial distribution of tree areas, in addition to the land use profile. Our results show that in several European cities, agricultural areas and forestlands may highly contribute to the overall provision of urban green spaces. In such cities, the quality and evolution of green spaces may therefore easily be affected by individual trade-offs (farmers, foresters), independent of city policies. We also show how the heterogeneity of European cities' profiles regarding urban green spaces provision may be explained by the type of green spaces and their spatial distribution, including abundance and fragmentation, in relation to the characteristics of the city. Relying on a robust, transparent and reproducible methodology, we provide a diverse set of indicators reflecting these dimensions in order to support urban planners and public deciders in their desire to develop urban space and enhance green spaces.JEL Classification: R14, R52, Q26, Q57.

In Belgium, as in many other parts of the worlds, several workers have been confronted with extensive telework during the Covid-19 pandemic. Initially enabled under labour markets' flexibilisation and the advent of information and communication technologies, telework has expanded over time. However, the diversity of teleworkers' profiles and their location remain under-researched. Our study aims to improve knowledge about the likeliness of part-time and intensive telework practices, before the Covid-19 crisis, in Belgium and Brussels. More specifically, we examined two research questions: who are the Belgian and Brussels' intensive teleworkers, and how are all teleworkers (regardless of the intensity of their practice) spread on the national territory? To address these questions, we used individual data from the Belgian Labour Force Survey. We conducted a logistical regression to identify the explanatory variables of intensive telework before descriptive statistical processing to complete the teleworkers' profiles (including part-time practices) and highlight the spatial dimension of telework. Our results underline the impact of various factors on telework, including education level, job occupation and home-work distance. We also show that both residents and workers of the Brussels' Capital Region and its surroundings are more subject to telework. Our conclusions situate these findings in the pandemic context and reflect on the possible impact that an expansion of telework practices could have on Brussels' attractiveness. Through this paper, we plead for a better consideration of telework in urban development policies. Also, we encourage the use of the Labour Force Survey as a relevant database for further research on telework.JEL Classification: J21, R12, R23, R58.