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Covid-19 has changed our daily lives and territories have had to adapt accordingly to cope with the effects of this pandemic. This article focuses on the local policy responses of cities and counties in the European Union to cope with the socio-economic effects of containment. Using a qualitative study based on 34 case studies, we analyze what types of responses have been made and to what extent these types can be explained by the characteristics of the territories. We highlight that the magnitude of Covid-19 mortality explains the greater or lesser responsiveness of local communities. The analysis of policy responses shows several structuring trends in the way governments have responded to the Covid-19 crisis. We observe a prevalence of emergency measures, designed for the short term, responding to the first identified effects of the pandemic or emergency medical and health measures taken by the States to deal with it; these are mainly measures to support the local economic fabric, which were expected to have immediate effects. Moreover, only a few measures can be related to a long-term objective. Finally, some measures are medium-term but may not be sustainable, whereas the pandemic has sometimes led to innovations and the effects of these innovations could remain beneficial beyond the end of the pandemic. We show that there is no "territorial logic" in the adoption of proactive resilience measures. In other words, there is no differentiation in the implementation of proactive local policies between urban and rural territories.

A growing amount of economic literature explores paid online peer-to-peer accommodation pricing, a phenomenon that has grown dramatically worldwide over the past decade. Thus, academics have identified accommodation characteristics and estimated their implicit prices using the hedonic method. However, the influence of the length of stay on willingness to pay attributes is rarely considered. Using data from 47,756 Airbnb listings in 31 French cities, we examine the moderating effects of the city's average length of stay on the implicit price of main attributes (centrality, neighborhood, size, facilities). Moderating effects are estimated through OLS and corrected heteroskedastic models with multiplicative interactions per accommodation type (entire homes, private rooms, and shared rooms). In addition, we used quantile regressions to explore the significant effects of quality level on these moderating effects. We provide evidence of significant moderating effects by accommodation type and quality level that shed new light on the valuation of these accommodations. According to accommodation type and price level, the length of stay moderates the effect of centrality and neighborhood on prices. The positive influence of the accommodation capacity of the entire home decreases with the length of stay, suggesting that the value of the surface area per occupant increases with time. The length of stay may significantly moderate the willingness to pay for specific facilities. The results may be helpful in host pricing strategies, the tourism accommodation industry, and urban politics. Moreover, considering the time effect, we discuss what we know about urban key concepts (centrality, neighborhood, surface).

The aim of this paper is to study the housing characteristics and the location preferences of the elderly in France. The paper first analyzes how individual characteristics impact the type and the location of occupied dwellings. Second, it explores the differences in the residential behavior between retirees and examines the influence of residential mobility during retirement. This work builds upon a dataset from the 2017 Insee French population census, which provides information on 28.551 million French inhabitants including 8.407 million retirees. By studying how personal attributes affect housing choices, through a series of empirical models, the paper delivers evidence that retirees behave differently than the rest of the population. Retirees tend to occupy larger and older houses, are more likely to live in urban areas and in individual houses rather than in apartments. The paper also shows a difference in behavior between young (less than 80 years old) and older retirees (80 and above). All retirees feature a higher probability to live or to settle in a city, but this probability is clearly higher for those aged above 80. The latter are also more likely to live in apartments as opposed to young retirees. Finally, the results of the probit models highlight the differences in housing between mobile retirees and non-mobile retirees, thus assessing the real preferences of this population when they decide to move. Mobile retirees occupy often new dwellings in urban areas. The former socio-professional category is also a key element of analysis for understanding disparities in housing choices of the retirees.

In this article, I analyse the functioning of convertible local currencies (CLC) through the economic base theory. I thereby highlight CLC' mechanisms that can contribute to the development of the territorial economy, in particular the internalisation of their members' demand inside their communities. Indeed, CLCs might impact the circulation of income within the local economy by limiting the outflow of income from the territory and increasing its circulation within the domestic sector. CLCs therefore fit more specifically into consumer base theory, which promotes endogenous territorial development by directing local demand towards local production. However, CLCs users gather only a fraction of local actors, their members having to choose to join and, for companies, to be certified by the managing organisations. CLCs therefore only support the development of specific communities, who share similar values and practices, but whose growth can transform territorial economies.Nevertheless, in order for the demand internalisation to really benefit the economic development of their sub-territorial community, it is necessary to determine whether it really irrigates productive activities and not only distribution ones. To investigate which part of the economy is mostly supported by the internalisation of the users' demand, I analyse the digital transaction data from the SoNantes and the Eusko, two French CLCs. The two CLCs are essentially implanted in the domestic sectors. If the SoNantes integrates more companies dedicated to productive activities support than the Eusko, the two CLCs mainly irrigate activities geared towards distribution and household consumption. The circulation of income from these sectors to productive activities remains low, limiting their economic development support potential.

In the context of the implementation of public policies to develop and support sustainable food systems, this article focuses on the spatial distribution of farms selling all or part of their production in short food supply chains (SFSCs). The objective of the study is to identify econometrically the determining factors of the choice of diversification in SFSCs for farmers, in order to see whether there is an effect of the location of farms on the choice to sell in SFSCs. The method consists of drawing up a typology of territories, taking into account different types of variables of potential accessibility of farms to consumers, and using this typology to study the spatial distribution of farms in SFSCs. Using these variables, we calculate OLS and SDEM models.The results show that in addition to the variables describing the farmers and the farms found in the literature, the variables describing the territories where the farms are located are also decisive in the choice to sell in SFSCs. The territories where there are the highest proportions of SFSCs farms are landlocked rural territories, isolated from consumption areas, as well as very dense peri-urban territories, where accessibility to populations is the highest. The common point of these territories is the low occupation of the land in agriculture, because of the natural constraints for the landlocked rural spaces, and because of land pressures in the dense peri-urban territories. There are thus more SFSCs farms in cantons where agriculture is marginal. This article thus illustrates the effective links between accessibility to large population pools and SFSCs sales in 2010, and a form of resistance of these farms to urbanization (Brinkley, 2018).