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The funtioning of the credit market : several analysis in a disequilibrium context Patrick Artus In most of the modelisations of the french monetary and financial System, it is assumed that interest rate movements bring the credit market into equilibrium and that the quantity of bonds firms can issue is rationed. The purpose of this paper is to verify those two assumptions using different econometric methods ; one of them, based on the aggregation of elementary markets, permits the introduction of exogenous information on the degree of disequilibrium on the market under study.

One or two malthus? guy caire Although Malthus provides the classical school with its major argumentation, he differentiates himself from it by refuting the Say's law. But is his thought as unitary as it appears to be at first sight ? Faure-Soulet defends the thesis of the continuity of the thought of Malthus, whereas Paglin on he contrary sees many ruptures in it. The thesis wich is sustained here is the one of the existence of a clear discontinuance between the Essay and the Principles, thought it does not prevent a remarkable doctrinal continuity ; the lutter is not to be found however in the vision of a humanist Malthus, as was the case for Keynes, but rather when trying to answer the following question put forward by Oser : to which group of persans does his work benefit or seek to benefit ?

Malthus and the problem of underdevelopment : one or two theories ? Jean-Philippe Platteau The present paper purports to deal with Malthus's ideas about underdeveloped countries. It will examine these ideas as they have been developed by Malthus in the context of his two most famous works : the Essay on the Principle of Population and the Principles of Political Economy. It will then try to show that the views presented in these two works, even thongh they focus on different aspects of the problem at stake, are mutually consistent with each other on a purely logical ground. Finally, the relevance of these views will be assessed in the light of modern achievements of developrnent economies.

The relationship between welfare state and informal Xavier Greffe For rnany economist the development of the informal economy would witness the crisis of the welfare state and would correct its failures. It is then assumed the individual would better its welfare through domestic labour or even black economy. This interpretation is very optimistic and underestimates the probleme of the welfare state, the conceptal individual autonorny and the explanation of the informal economy. Others solutions for that crisis any be found on another approach of the frontier between economics and social activities.

The hidden economy in France : a state of the art review Jocelyne Gaudin, Michel Schiray This article re-examines the concept of the hidden, underground or informal economy in France based on a review of the socio-economic literature. By using established rescarch in different fields it attempts to shed more light on this interdisciplinary subject. The first part presents a synthesis of recent debute on the hidden economy revealing its basic themes including its regulating role vis-a-vis the economic crisis, the socio-economic dualism and its interaction with the formal economy. The second part analyses contributions, often longstanding, on the different levels of production, that is household, informal networks, community and voluntary organizations, as well as different types of undeclared monetary activities both legal and illegal. An assessment of research on the hidden economy indicates the need to expand the scop involved to include other fields of research that intersect this subject. The third part subsequently deals with lifestyles and market/non rnarket consumption, patterns of time-use as well as working time, the segmentation of the labour force, new forms of work organization, and the French concept of the social economy, i.e., non profit organizations, co-ops and mutual societies. Emphasizing the importance of integrating the reality of the hidden economy in analyses of the formal economy, the conclusion proposes the development of anthropological economic research in order to provide comparative studies at the national and international levels.

The speading of europe an multinational firms in the USA. A dynamic approach Marc Lanteri This article wonders about the origins of the spreading of European Multinational Firms in the USA, that is the most remarkable feature of the recent trend of international direct investissement. First, it examines the explanations of that phenomenon, based on the notion of cross-investments. Starting with an ampirical analysis, it then shows that european and US investments have very different caracterisees, the apprehension of which requires one to give up the cross-investments approach. Lastly, it offers a new explanation which sets, the temporal and dynamic dimension of competition, at the center of the long term process, which led to the european foot hold across the. Atlantic.