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Economics and political position This article begins by showing how the economic theories of Marx, Walras and Keynes are identical on most points and complementary on the others. It then wonders about the possible maenings of such terms as « neo-classical », « marginalist », etc... Following, it shows how socialist economists were among the main historical builders of the économic science. Finally, it is recalled that a criticism or a policy of the left cannot be relevant or efficient without using the various branches of economic analysis.

To make the history of economic thought ? Questions for a debate What means « to make the history of economic thought » ? The author tries to call in questions the different possible ways, and to prove especially the failures of traditionnel approaches which try to apply to the characteristic rythm of economy, the normative model of empirical history. Through asking : question of social legitimation modes of economic treatises, questions of places and temporalities where those treatises are spread oui, questions of their birthes, their developments and their deaths, the author tries to explain the fundamental theoretical statute of a « genealogical » approach to economy, and to plead also agàinst the contemporary indifference for collective work about history of economic thought.

Epistemological point of view about The conceptualisation of individuao behaviors This paper examines the conceptualisation of individual behaviors in economic theory from an epistemological point of view with special reference to French economic literature. The central idea is that the domination of the neo-classical model is not a result of Us intrinsic qualifies but of the immobility of other theories on this subject. This immobility springs from major epistemological obstacles. In the case of marxist theory it results from the impossibility of challenging Marx's social class ; for the « French School», it occurs from the impossibility of parting with. individualist methodology. In both instances the most essential ideological roots would be severed. The immobility of marxist theory has serious consequences for ths study of social formations owing to the disparity between empirical categories, such as « middle class layers », and thé dual-class schema as outlined in Capital. The research of the « French School » suffers from the lack of a clearent conceptual framework, a predicament which in turn anses from a lack of a conceptualisation of the individual.

disconcerted with the so called paradox of value, and that he willingly chose an objective value theory.

Models of organization and forms of power Power is the topical subject of current debates but it can take on différent forms. Therefore the manner in which the different forms are partitioned and organized, leads to very different models. The aim of this article is not to suggest an idéal model but on the contrary to try to clarify ths debates, by drawing a theoretical scheme inside which every project may be roughly situated in ternis of structure as well as in terms of functioning (or leadership}.