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Openness and memory. The Soviets look at their past, Nicolas Werth An examination of literary works, films, TV programs, articles in newspapers and scientific journals in which the question of glasnost in history has been posed since 1986, shows clearly the cleavages between establishment historians and « revisionists » who want to pursue the truth even in the dark periods of Soviet history. With, in the end, a battle on the historical front which results in an acknowledgment of the failure of ideology.

The territorial itineraries of Zionism, Alain Dieckhoff. Since its origins, Zionism has had several territorial strategies. Between 1882 and 1897, the purpose of Jewish nationalism was settlement in Palestine ; its newness was its political nature. From 1897 to 1936, a strategy of settler colonies was implemented. From 1936 to 1948, a strategy of grafting was applied as a response to Arab hostility and to assure the territorial bases of a future state. After 1948 and until 1967, there was a methodical gridding of space simultaneously with the search for a new demographic balance. But the management of the occupied territories brought about new ambitions after 1967 now linked with the recovery of a highly symbolic space on the West Bank.

1942 : the International committee of the Red Cross, deportations and camps, Jean-Claude Favez. What was the attitude of the International committee of the Red Cross towards the horror of the Nazi camps ? An analysis of its hesitations throughout 1942 reveals the situation by showing the impase in which it found itself enclosed. Traditional humanitarian support, founded on diplomacy and international conventions, proved either totally unadapted to the concentration camp phenomenon on simply impossible. But the Red Cross did not seem capable of placing its action at another level, such as that of public denunciation and an appeal to world opinion : it was the prisoner of a strictly legalistic state of mind which made it reason in terms of states not in terms of ideology ; dependent on considerations leading to the respect of strict neutrality. It was therefore condemned, if not to absolute inaction, at least to relative inefficacy. Could it really have acted otherwise ?

André Tardieu and the crisis of liberal constitutionalism (1933-1934), Nicolas Roussellier. Symbol and leader of a powerful current which demanded a " reform of the State " in the France of the early 1930s, André Tardieu never crossed the threshold of a break with the republican tradition. But his plan for strengthening the executive power led to a double impasse, threoretical and practical. How was it possible to renew the Third Republic's institutions without forsaking the postulates on which they were based ? This accounts for the paradoxes of an itinerary which led him to the apparent summit of his career after the events of 6 February 1934, and then in less than one year to retirement and definitive silence.