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A Vision of Europe.The drawing of Europe by researchers implied in ESPON The European Union's enlargement process raises the problem of the definition of Europe and its limits, but even more so that of its representations. This paper presents the method and main results of a survey on the representation of Europe by researchers and political representatives involved in European spatial planning in the ESPON programme. It aims not to propose a limit to the European space but to show a vision of Europe from the viewpoint of a specific group and to try to explain it. This survey shows that the traditional school definition plays an important role in the definition of Europe, and furthermore that spatial proximity facilitates the perspective of the enlargement.

Food insecurity and illicit opium production in Asia In Asia, illicit opium production has long thrived on the drug – armed conflict nexus. Whether in Burma, in transition between war and peace, or in Afghanistan, where insecurity has largely increased since 2005, illicit opium production can no longer be explained by the funding of warring parties. Instead, it now appears that illicit opium production is largely driven by food deficiency and insecurity. Despite the very different agricultural contexts of Afghanistan, Burma, and Laos, in the 2000s studies and surveys have shown that the main drivers of illicit opium production are the same, that is, food deficiency and insecurity. Of course, food deficiency and insecurity have their own causes. But no matter how diverse these causes may be, opium production appears to be a common answer by farming communities who must cope with insufficient or irregular food production. This is despite the fact that illicit opium production is far from being necessarily an economic activity superior to others : opium production owes its success more to the ability it gives some farmers to overcome the limits of their food production systems rather than to its alleged economic superiority.

Risk management or territorial management :how to live with hazard ? Natural hazards are intrinsic to the place where they occur. Despite the attempt to take account of the local context, risk management policies consider separately hazard and the specific geographic area. However, historical examples show that this dichotomic approach has not always been in force. In the Roussillon, in the XVIIIth century, rural communities lived with hazard. They managed the place where they lived, rather than a hazard on an area. A new system of values can explain this change. We relate this change to the appearance of a new system of values, modifying representations and changing the balance of power between stakeholders, and their relation to authority.

Landscape : an incomplete tool for Mediterranean forest management and forest territory appropriation ? This article deals with the value of Landscape in Mediterranean forest management. Can Landscape be considered as the driving notion of forest management ? Is it only a theoretical approach ? Landscape is involved in the main issues confronting Mediterranean forests : increase of woodlands, public demand, biodiversity etc. Moreover, Landscape is a growing theme in foresters'texts and policies. However, the practice is quite different. The weak point of landscape in forest management is linked to the meagre place forest is accorded in the Mediterranean Landscape model, to a forestry inheritance based on north-European forests and to the ambiguity of the concept of Landscape. Some structural limits also appear : landscape is considered in terms of a visual network, which seems hardly compatible with the management of large territories.