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The violent breakdown of Yugoslavia produced over two million refugees. The present text analyses this massive displacement of people from the beginning of the hostilities until now. Drawing on the UNHCR statistics and on various survey data the author describes the situation within and outside Yugoslavia. As the time passes the individual departures are becoming rare whereas massive and forced displacements more frequent. It becomes clear that the flight and displacements of population are not only the consequence of the war but also one of its aims: produce ethnically « pure » territories. The issue of obligation of solidarity of the European countries, reluctunt towards the war refugees, is also raised in the article.

Two years of investigations in London, Brussels and Paris have enabled the author to identify « circulating professionals », as he terms them, whom he finds to convey something going beyond national citizenship and who suggest the emergence of new identities and of new territories: they are entrepreneurs or professional classes members belonging to the old Jewish and Italian diasporas who, generation after generation, have developed the routes of their exile into networks through which wealth and fame are still making their way. The author has also analyzed the business trips of public or private firms executives; he found accumulation of tiredness, refusal to see international trips become regular, the wish for a very local insertion based upon sedentarity. Those people feel themselves like « tops » without a place where they lay the few bases necessary to cultural mixing. Larger multinational firms are attempting to manage the growth of this long-distance commuting: thereby they induce job change, rather difficult to control.

Mexico, Algeria and Yugoslavia, who were in 1979 among the co-authors of the first draft convention on the Protection of Migrants — to be developed further by the United Nations — tried to obtain at that point in time better protection for their undocumented migrant workers in the states of employment; nothing seemed more appropriate than claiming for their sake the recognition of all the rights to which they are entitled, as human beings. However, two orientations have affected unexpectedly the creation of this structure: The first one emerged from the observations made during the first reading of the draft convention which set forth that the States of origins who ratified the Convention would not be exempted from applying its provisions, at least with regard to their nationals who had emigrated. The universal definition of a migrant worker « who is to be engaged, is engaged, or has been engaged in an activity... in a State of which he or she is not a national », helped strengthen this argument and gave a better balance to the terms of the negotiation. The second orientation stems essentially from the intention shown by some States — and not only European — to seek and lay forth in the Convention, the widest protection possible for the migrant worker and members of his family in a regular situation. It will be interesting to see whether or not the States Parties will make use of the committee established by the application of the Convention as an instrument to ensure human rights or as the battleground for their conflicts of interests.

At the outset of the 1980s, immigration on a community scale appeared as a result of the concentration of immigrant families, mainly located in housing estates in the suburbs of large French towns. The geography, sociology and anthropology of urban areas were examined to explore, respectively, types of immigrant regrouping in French towns, and re-assess their role in urban dynamics. The author sets out to survey these lines of approach, concentrating on the major questions which they give rise to and address. Far from focusing exclusively on residential aspects, these lines of approach have equally taken into account the economic and commercial size of immigration space in French towns. Within this context, an anthropological urban trend has developed which supports the hypothesis that ethnic territories in French towns do not merge together with existing enclaves but rather unite and exist in the fabric of urban evolution, and that their acknowledgement cannot grant them a localism which is not theirs.

We examine in this paper, interferences between the urban transformations and the formation of maghrebin minority, in which Algerian immigration has played a central part. The constitution of an identity territorialised in immigrated centralities and in quarters of social settlements is a major consequences of them. It puts the problem of its taking into account by urbans policies and political representations' systems. Key words : Algerian immigration, maghrebin immigration, interethnic relations in France, urban policies in France.

During the « Monarchie de Juillet », at a time when English culture was highly estimated by sportsmen in the entourage of the Duke of Orléans, the influence of aristocratic circles was felt in the world of racing. Investments made by upper middle class businessmen in the racing stables at Chantilly facilitated the development of a real horse business. Having once been exclusive to English sportsmen, horse racing became a popular entertainment on a national scale and, at the same time as stimulating the town's growth, earned a fortune for English trainers settled in Chantilly. This phenomenon was at the very root of diversification in urban activities and brought about the overall enrichment of the population in the midst of which an English middle class emerged from the world of horse-racing alongside the traditional, local bourgeoisie.

The writer analyses the evolution of family structures in a situation of migration in France from the study of the oldest and most numerous communities of immigrants (Maghrabians and Portuguese). Their tendency towards the contemporary western pattern appears as being the average and certain trend. But this is achieved through obstacles and conflicts ending into varions balances. On the other hand, if the whole patriarchal stuctures is attacked, the change is uneven according the aspects under study.

During the 1970s, new forms of migration emerged out of the deceleration in rural exodus of people from the country to large towns. In order to go on living in the villages and market towns at the height of rapid change, the villagers of the densely populated central Nile Delta region, developed numerous strategies which were characterised by the search for resources outside the village economy. While emigration in the Gulf countries helped greatly in this process — a quarter of Egyptian families would have benefited from the transference of emigrants — it was, however, only a temporary alternative to compensate for the lack of village resources. On the other hand, cyclical migration towards the towns brought about a longer-term strategy. It furthered the survival of most agricultural developments and encouraged the expansion of a more and more urbanised social strata.