Contenu du sommaire
Revue | Etudes rurales |
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Numéro | no 67, 1977 |
Texte intégral en ligne | Accessible sur l'internet |
- Capitalisme et précapitalisme dans les campagnes portugaises de l'entre-deux-guerres - Fernando Da C. Medeiros p. 7-29 Capitalism and Pre-Capitalism in the Fields of Portugal, during the Period between the Two World Wars. During the period between the two World Wars, the Portuguese agrarian economy was a mosaic of different situations, not only from the geo-economic point of view but also as far as the production modes are concerned, articulated among them in a complex manner. In the first part of this article one examines the distribution of the real estate, showing how uncorrect is the dualist conception of a country shared between a south, characterized by an absolute predominance of the giant possessions, and a north with its soil totally divided into an enormous quantity of small and tiny possessions. As a matter of fact the phenomenon of real estate concentration was also to be found in certain northern regions, partially as a consequence from the penetration of the capitalist production relations into the agriculture. Besides, the most concret examples of capitalist production relations in agriculture may be seen at two levels: that of the forms of soil exploitation and that of the composition of agricultural labour force. The second part is devoted to these two points. In the third part one examines the production models in agriculture, dealing firstly with the familiar exploitations and then with the articulation of the two models of production.
- L'ordre moral dans une petite île de Bretagne - Paul Jorion p. 31-45 The Moral Order on a Small Breton Island. In this paper the author brings together various reflexions about the moral and social set-up of a small Breton island where he was in the field from February 1973 up to May 1974. The author's purpose is in delineating politics at the minutest scale by showing how a community polity stems from kin, vicinity, and friendship ties. Three related topics are considered: the very strict sexual division of space on the island, the peculiarities of men's and women's speech, and the permanent risk of violence. The general topic of the paper being located at the meeting point of holism and individualism, it is approached through a variety of concepts, some of a sociological, some of a psycho-analytical nature.
- La population non agricole au village : différenciation et prolétarisation de la société rurale - Michel Cohou p. 47-59 The Non-Agricultural Population in the Village: Differentiation and Proletarianization of Rural Society. The non-agricultural population is becoming the majority of working population in rural districts of Midi-Pyrénées area. But this population cannot be considered as an homogeneous body beside the farmers who are themselves very differentiated. The inquiry work held in six districts "representative of various regional situations enables to characterize the social groups in the village. Among the non-farmers, the most numerous are the workers and the employees, working on the spot or daily migrants. If a lot of them have a country descent, a strong minority among the non-agricultural working people has been living in the village for only a short period. The passage from agriculture to non-agricultural activities does not occur preferably on the spot. Workers above all can be double-active. It is true, especially in agricultural districts. But the double-activity is often only transitory. Then it has a familial reality, and develops itself only rarely at the individual level. The conflict between social groups is due to their behaviour in social and municipal life. If the tradesmen, the craftsmen, the local bourgeoisie, the middle-class farmers and sometimes the officials in public and private sectors ' occupy ' the Town Council and supervize the socio-cultural life, the workers, the employees and the small farmers stay on the fringe of the village society. are the workers and the employees, working on the spot or daily migrants. If a lot of them have a country descent, a strong minority among the non-agricultural working people has been living in the village for only a short period. The passage from agriculture to non-agricultural activities does not occur preferably on the spot. Workers above all can be double-active. It is true, especially in agricultural districts. But the double-activity is often only transitory. Then it has a familial reality, and develops itself only rarely at the individual level. The conflict between social groups is due to their behaviour in social and municipal life. If the tradesmen, the craftsmen, the local bourgeoisie, the middle-class farmers and sometimes the officials in public and private sectors ' occupy ' the Town Council and supervize the socio-cultural life, the workers, the employees and the small farmers stay on the fringe of the village society.
- Mariage et distance dans le canton du Bleymard Lozère) : 1811-1820 et 1891-1900 - P. J. Perry p. 61-70 Marriage and Distance in the Canton of Le Bleymard (Lozère), 1811-1820 and 1891-1900. Examination of marriage registers for the canton of Le Bleymard indicates that the spatial pattern of social relationships changed little between the first and last decades of the 19th century, particularly as far as marriages in which the partners lived within 20 kilometres of each other were concerned. Correlation cœfficients for distance and standardized number of marriages (to 12 kilometres) exceed -0.90 for each decade, a much higher value than a New Zealand example provides for the late 19th century. Moreover the canton appears to have been a matrimonial as well as an hydrological watershed in both decades, even though the railways reduced isolation and made the towns of Bas-Languedoc increasingly attractive and accessible.
- Le partage des biens communaux en Artois, 1770-1789 - Jean-Michel Sallmann p. 71-84 The Sharing of Communal Property in Artois, 1770-1789. The Artois Estates aimed at treating the sharing of communal property as a land reform meant, on the one hand, to assuage the small peasantry's craving for land, and, on the other hand, to disentangle the social crisis in rural areas. The sharing, which was undertaken as soon as 1770, met with great success within the first years, mainly in the eastern part of the province which was economically ruled by the Flemish regime. But from 1779 onwards, the authoritarian character of the policy then adopted by the Estates met with determined opposition on the part of the communities. Indeed, the latter had lost some pasture-grounds, the bourgeois landowners had refused to partake in a method of operation which threatened their own privileges, while there prevailed a feeling that the main beneficiaries of the sharing would be the lords who,might generalize the right of preemption.
Notes et commentaires
- Les marchés hebdomadaires paysans en Iran - Khosrov Khosrovi p. 85-91
Chronique scientifique
- Colloque « Ergonomie et amélioration des conditions de travail en agriculture », Rodez, 29-30 avril 1977 - François Sigaut p. 93-96
- Travaux actuels de sciences humaines sur le monde rural. Session des 27 et 28 octobre 1976 de la Société française d'économie rurale - Marie-Claude Pingaud p. 97-99
Comptes rendus
- Jean-Michel Cusset, Urbanisation et activités agricoles. - Coyaud L. M. p. 101-102
- Ethnologie et histoire. Forces productives et problèmes de transition. - Rivals Claude p. 102-103
- Jean Renard, Les évolutions contemporaines de la vie rurale dans la région nantaise (Loire-Atlantique, bocages vendéens, Mauges). - Kayser Bernard p. 103-104
- Jean Peltre, Recherches métrologiques sur les finages lorrains. - Gay François p. 104-108
- Groupe de recherches bretonnes, « L'agriculture en Bretagne, dynamisme ou domination? » - Kayser Bernard p. 108-109
- Jean-Claude Bontron et Nicole Mathieu (en collaboration avec L. Velard et C. Leclercq), La France des faibles densités. - Pingaud Marie-Claude p. 109-110
- A. Brun, P. Lacombe, C. Laurent, La place des agriculteurs à temps partiel en France. - Livet Roger p. 110-111
- Philippe Roudié, Le vignoble bordelais. - Livet Roger p. 111-112
- Jean Girardon, Le Charolais sous-développé. La viande entre Saône et Loire. - Livet Roger p. 112-113
- Christian Pfister, Agrarkonjonktur und Witterungsverlauf im westlichen Schweizer Mittelland zur Zeit der oekonomischen Patrioten 1755-1797. Ein Beitrag zur Umwelt- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte des 18. - Nicolas-Obadia Georges p. 113-116
- Heide Barmeyer, Andreas Hermes und die Organisationen der deutschen Landwirtschaft. Christliche Bauernvereine, Reichslandbund, Grüne Front, Reichnährstand 1928-1933. - Barral Pierre p. 116-118
- Joseph Josy Lévy, Un village du bout du monde. Modernisation et structures villageoises aux Antilles françaises. - Beaudoux-Kovats Edith p. 118-119
- Kamil Ismail, Die sozialökonomischen Verhältnisse der bäuerlichen Bevölkerung im Küstengebirge der Syrischen Arabischen Republik. Eine Untersuchung im Gebiet von Aš-Saih-Badr. - de Planhol Xavier p. 120
- Keith Buchanan, L'espace chinois, ses transformations des origines à Mao Zedong. - Peyraube-Maître Elisabeth p. 121-122
- Thomas R. H. Havens, Farm and Nation in Modem Japan. Agrarian Nationalism, 1870- 1940. - Barral Pierre p. 122-124
Notes bibliographiques
- G. Gosselin, Le changement social et les institutions du développement dans une population réfugiée.; E. Yalan, C. Finkel, L. Guttman, C. Jacobsen, The Modernization of Traditional Agricultural Villages. Minority Villages in Israel. - Péchoux Pierre-Yves p. 125-126
- La force de travail dans les cités méditerranéennes du milieu du XVIIIe au milieu du XIXe siècle. ; B. W. Frijling, Social Change in Europe. Some Demographic Consequences. - Péchoux Pierre-Yves p. 126
- G. Bouet, J. Jullien, M. Mathurin et al., Les conséquences humaines, économiques et financières de l'évolution de l'agriculture creusoise au cours de la dernière décennie (Colloque de Guéret, 1974). - Livet Roger p. 127
- Théodore Monod, Pastoralism in Tropical Africa/Les sociétés pastorales en Afrique tropicale. - de Planhol Xavier p. 127
- Manfred Bardeleben, The Cooperative System in the Sudan. Development, Characteristics and Importance of the Socio-Economic Development Process. - Lelart Michel p. 128
- Claude Reboul, Structures agraires et problèmes du développement au Sénégal : les unités expérimentales du Sine Saloum. - Jean Suzanne p. 128
- Stanislas Melone, La parenté et la terre dans la stratégie du développement. L'expérience camerounaise. I : Structures sociales et institutionnelles de l'Afrique. - Jean Suzanne p. 129
- André Lericollais, « Sob, étude géographique d'un terroir sérèr (Sénégal) », Atlas des structures agraires au sud du Sahara. - Jean Suzanne p. 129-130
- Jacques Champaud, « Mom, terroir bassa (Cameroun) », Atlas des structures agraires au sud du Sahara. - Jean Suzanne p. 130-131
- Warren Dean, Rio Claro. A Brazilian Plantation System, 1820-1920. - Barral Pierre p. 131
- Maria Cristina Blanc Szanton, A Right to Survive. Subsistence Marketing in a Lowland Philippine Town. - Lelart Michel p. 131-132
- Bulletin des périodiques. Bulletin analytique (Juillet-Décembre 1976) - Placide Rambaud p. 133-153
- Résumés/Abstracts - p. 155-158