Contenu du sommaire

Heritage as a “chronogenesis”. Reflections on space and time Heritage has become a very common term in political and cultural discourse, as well as a widely used term in the academic world. Numerous authors have pointed out that everything has become heritage, and expressed concern that such terminological inflation can be seen as a symptom of a new relationship to the present. Based on investigations conducted primarily by French geographers, this paper explores this academic research as revealing a process of “Chronogenesis” (Chronogenèse) : in this, scattered elements are embedded into a narrative, creating a discourse characterized by an accumulation of signs and elements that allows a linear conception and representation of the image and time. Inspired by the work of P. Ricœur on the notion of temporality, this article defends the idea that the language of heritage is emplotted by creating coherence out of heterogeneous elements. This process allows the connection of narratives which make it possible to reconsider a certain unity of the history of mankind in its relationship to the physical world.

Role and functions of small towns in the metropolitan project of Izmir, Turkey Morphologies and functions of small towns in Turkey have been deeply transformed by the country's recent fast process of urban growth. Metropolization of the city of Izmir has absorbed or left apart many small urban settlements. The urban hierarchy of the province is therefore experiencing a huge transformation, under the influence of the city of Izmir itself, but also of local dynamics and/or State- determined political decisions. À typology of small towns in Izmir province has been defined : residential towns under direct influence of the metropolis (Menemen, Urla), industrial settlements as outlying centres of production for the neighbouring main towns (Aliağa, Torbalı), independent carriers of regional image such as international heritage sites (Çeşme, Selçuk), and rural towns acting as small urban centres in Izmir's hinterland (Tire, Ödemiş). Meanwhile, a regionalization process is transforming the role of the small towns in the local urban hierarchy, because the latter is not given any specific treatment in the regional development plan. Assessing the role of the small towns in the metropolitan project of Izmir reveals the incoherence of the new regional delimitation system and the ambiguities of the public policies for metropolitan development in Turkey.

Bolivia, its lost sea and national construction In Bolivia, the year 2011 was characterized by the return of a combative approach to a maritime territorial claim. The country lost its Pacific coastline during War of the Pacific (1878-1879) which set Bolivia and Peru against Chile. In 1904, a treaty legally ratified this territorial loss. Bolivia became the only Andean country without a Pacific coastline, a country literally Mediterranean in the sense that it is surrounded by land. Although this territorial loss dates quite far back, it has continued to have a "strong emotional impact that influenced Bolivia until today." (Mesa, Gisbert and Mesa Gisbert 2001:529). The maritime claim, the request for recovery of a coastline, structures Bolivian national imagination and provides support to national construction. This article provides an analysis of this return of the maritime claim, at a time when Bolivia, as a Plurinational State, should have changed his nationalist posture. In a second step, the examination focuses on the function the lost sea has in shaping the territorial memory of Bolivia and the means set up to build the memorial device common to all Bolivians.

The entrepreneur and territory : a cultural and multi-scale study of ICT services in India This paper aims to examine reciprocity in the relationship between firms and territory, taking the entrepreneur as an emblematic figure in India, an emerging giant. The purpose is to contribute to the debate regarding the capacity tier-two cities have for producing, attracting or keeping business creators, in Southern India, economically the most dynamic part of the country. Through the socio-economic issue of starting a Software and Computing Services Company, we investigate the geographical issues of location, spatial evolution and anchorage of the so-called “footloose” high-tech activities. This paper is organized according to the following outline. The first part sets out the study's methodological context and the empirical and cultural background to the body of research involved. The second part allows us to answer the questions why, how, and with whom do Indian entrepreneurs decide to create their own business in the strongly globalized Information and Communication Technologies sector. The last part elucidates processes of location selection, anchorage and spatial display between territories and networks, from three regional metropolitan areas with a strong ICT sector.