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This study analyses the determinants of the supply of labour by children aged 5 to 14 in Cameroon while highlighting the effects of vulnerability factors (poverty and negative shocks). The study uses microeconomic data from the third Cameroon Household Survey (CHS III). The bivariate probit model that we use show that, all things being equal, the standard of living measured by income, has a negative effect on child labour, but significantly affects child schooling. However, these effects weaken after the instrumentation of income. Moreover, the shock variables indicate that a sharp fall in income is positively associated with higher frequencies of child labour, meanwhile land ownership, which requires more labour force than income for farming purposes, also tends to increase child labour.

Is there a statistic link between changes in family situation and access to further education and training? Based on an empiric analysis made on the French Labour Force Survey for the 2003-2012 period, this article aims to bring elements of answer to this question. If our results show that the birth of a child is associated with a decrease of the probability of being trained for women, they suggest that children's entry to school is an opportunity for the most graduated individuals to increase their participation in training. Marital life events are also associated with gender inequalities in access to further education and training. Union dissolution is negatively correlated with the probability to participate in training schemes initiated by the employer, especially for women who keep the children's custody after a separation. Concerning training programs proposed to the unemployed, it seems that the sharing of children's custody is less important than the professional position of the couple at their break-up.

France has supported the personal service industry for several decades, through tax reduction amid other schemes. The present analysis performs a comparison of evaluations in order to build a comprehensive view of this policy. Successive reforms consisting in increasing the ceiling of eligible expenses have been less efficient (in terms of public cost per job created) than the initial setting with a relatively low ceiling. From a distributive point of view, services meeting social needs (child- and elderly-care) constitute a minor share of subsidies, which are mainly received by the wealthiest households.

Born in the USA in the 1980s-90s, shortly after introduced in France, executive coaching led to the development of a new professional segment, which boomed in the consulting field in the 2000s. Identifying the social conditions and the reasons why a set of actors turn to this activity enables to show how this new professional segment strengthens, beyond the action of the first activists who devoted themselves to the promotion and recognition of this activity. Our inquiry shows two main paths to become a coach: coaching first attracts consulting and training experts, and psychologists, who want to unify the numerous activities they have led in their “bushy” professional career; and secondly, executives who turn to this practice as a new job after a professional breakdown that occurred in a pretty stable career. Studying coaching helps to understand better the elective affinities between the “new spirit of capitalism” (Boltanski,
Chiapello, 1999) and professional careers which reveal the forced appeal of hybrid employment statuses that are growing in the grey area between salaried status and self-employment.