Contenu du sommaire : La grammatisation du français : qui que quoi vs qui(s) quod entre XVIe et XVIIIe siècles, sous la direction de Bernard Colombat

« The treatment of Qui, qui(s), quod in the Latin grammatical tradition: some stages in the study of relative, from Donatus to Port-Royal ». The aim of this article is to study stages in the description of what we today call the 'relative pronoun' in the Latin tradition over a very long period (from Antiquity to the 17th century). For ancient grammarians, the first difficulty was to show the specificity of the relative among others qu- forms (interrogative, indefinite), a specificity that is represented only imperfectly in the morphology. But they also had to decide whether qui is a 'pronoun' (as it for Donatus) or a 'noun' (as it is for Priscian). Priscian already analyses quite clearly the syntactic function of qui as relative. But it took a very long time to recognize its double function, anaphoric and subordinating. Unexpectedly for us, the relative had to lose its anaphoric function, being only an anaphoric indicator followed by the repetition of the antecedent (for Linacre and Sanctius); by Port-Royal, the relative 'pronoun' fully recovered the anaphoric function, but the propositional analysis also made it possible to insert a proposition incidente into another proposition. As for quod, its analysis as being only a relative and the difficulty in recategorizing it prevented grammarians from recognizing it as a conjunction.

« Qui and Que in Robert Estienne's Dictionnaire françois- latin ». This paper intends to show the difficulties (and the ways of resolving them) that Robert Estienne, a lexicographer in the 16th century, encountered in writing his dictionary. Estienne, in the Dictionnaire François-latin published in 1549, uses examples found in his earlier Latin and Latin-French dictionaries to describe and translate the French relatives qui and que as well as the conjunction que. This method, based on Latin texts, leads to some tensions and distortions in the meanings and translations from French to Latin. But these errors can be explained by the intellectual context in which the dictionary was written: the influence of the vernacular language on the practice and comprehension of Latin and the lack of theoretical instruments to describe the vernacular. The Dictionnaire François-latin remains an effective dictionary for writing in Latin; and we must never forget what the qui and que articles show: that this dictionary is the last opus in the Latin tradition, rather than the first work in the French tradition.

« Qui, Que, Quoy in Jean Nicot's Thresor de la langue françoyse tant ancienne que moderne and Jean Masseťs Acheminement ». This study bears on both Le Thresor de la langue française by Nicot and the bilingual grammatical booklet inserted in it and attributed to Jean Masset. Every modern reader will be struck by the persistence of the Latin model, as exemplified in the work of R. Estienne, in Nicot's dictionary, as well as by the variation in the amount of categorization. With Masset, it is the complete heterogeneity of grammatical terms as well as the absence of categorization that stands out. Masset's pedagogical method forces him to start from forms, of which he gives a complete array, before he indicates the correct use for each of them. His analysis rests on case morphology, not on syntactic functions. variation in the amount of categorization. With Masset, it is the complete heterogeneity of grammatical terms as well as the absence of categorization that stands out. Masset's pedagogical method forces him to start from forms, of which he gives a complete array, before he indicates the correct use for each of them. His analysis rests on case morphology, not on syntactic functions.

« The development of a pedagogy of French as foreign language: the relative pronoun with qu- in grammars for the usage of English speakers ». The French language retained its prestige in England even as its range of functions diminished in English law and other administrative institutions. The first grammars and orthographical treatises of French were composed for an English audience in the 14th and 15th centuries, and the first printed grammars of French in the late 15th and early 16th century were likewise for insular readers. In these printed grammars the category of 'relative pronoun' might include what today are termed locative, possessive, partitive, interrogative, demonstrative and personal pronouns. The description of the qu- forms was sometimes scanty in the early grammars, but expanded rapidly in the 17th century, under the influence of continental works. Given the pedagogical utility of comparison, those features that distinguished French from English usage in this area, such as animacy, received special attention.

« Qui, que, quoi in 17th-century French grammars: Maupas (1618), Oudin (1640), Chiflet (1659), Régnier-Desmarais (1705) ». This paper deals with the pronouns qui, que, quoi in the French grammatical tradition, through four grammars of the 17th century: Maupas (1618), Oudin (1640), Chiflet (1659), Régnier-Desmarais (1705). The paper examines successively: 1. the mono- or bi-categorization of qui, que, quoi as relative pronouns, or as relative and interrogative pronouns; 2. the morphology of qui, que, quoi, and the problem of que, as a non-relative pronoun; 3. the uses of qui, que, quoi, syntactically (with or without any antecedent, functional specificity), and semantically (reference to human/non-human, definite/non-definite). The paper aims to show the relevance of grammatical description and how it contributed to the constitution of the French grammatical tradition.

« Qui, que, quoi in French dictionaries at the turn of the 18th century ». The objective of this article is to offer a presentation of the articles QUI, QUE and QUOI in the Dictionnaire françois of Richelet (1680), the Dictionnaire Universel of Antoine Furetière (1690), and the Dictionnaire de l'Académie françoise (1694). In the second part of the paper, the author describes some grammatical lexical units (PARTICULE, PRONOM, POSSESSIF, RELATIF, etc.). This part focuses on the status of grammatical units in the dictionaries, and shows how the lexicographers' work is part of the "grammatisation" of the French language.

« The analysis of the forms Qui, que, lequel... and the rejection of the category of 'relative pronoun' in Nicolas Beauzée's works. » We present here Beauzée's theory of qu- (Wh-) words as it appears both in his major work (the Grammaire Générale) and in his contributions to the Encyclopédie and to the Encyclopédie Méthodique. Beauzée rejects the definition and classification of these particular words as relative pronouns put forward by his predecessors. He claims that by examining their use in French, Latin and other languages, these words are 'demonstrative conjunctive articles', and take their place as a sub-class of conjunctive words in syntax. In his theory of universal grammar and in his method of reconstructing the underlying structure of elliptical utterances, Beauzée builds on Sanctius (with his theory of ellipsis) and foreshadows transformational (Z.S. Harris) and generative grammar.