Contenu du sommaire : Archéologie romaine - Église et espace au Moyen Âge

Should we consider, along with the great specialist Patrick Manning, that “the field of slavery studies has become a model of comparatism in social and economic history”? The issue depends on what we mean by the term “comparatism,” which has come to qualify approaches that are very different in their methods and sometimes even contradictory in their goals. Since the end of the 1990s, the global history of slavery has highlighted the epistemological naivety of a certain comparatist tradition, guilty of conceiving slavery exclusively under an institutionalist paradigm, and not as a dynamic process arising from specific historical conditions. It is nevertheless important to point to the limits of such a “global” approach when it claims to be the only one capable of exploring slavery throughout history. After reviewing the theoretical challenges that traverse the contemporary historiography of slavery, this article seeks to demonstrate that a “morphological” type of comparatist approach, using redefined scales of observation, methods, and goals, can contribute to the study of one particular society: Athens during the classical period. By looking at a specific organization of servile labor common to numerous slave societies, in which a slave tied to the running of a piece of land, a workshop, or a store paid a regular rent to his master, it is possible to reinterrogate some fundamental aspects of the institution of slavery in Athens.

The terms “native farm” and “Roman villa,” often contrasted by historians, stem from a long-standing and still-unsettled historiographical debate. In northern Gaul, they particularly evoke the work of Roger Agache, whose aerial prospections showed a landscape populated by large villae that were readily interpreted as great aristocratic estates in contrast to small native settlements. This view became more or less dominant, giving the impression that the Roman conquest swiftly and radically altered the agrarian system of northern Gaul. In spite of many attempts to correct it, the idea of an agricultural economy based on the production of large estates remains widely accepted among historians. This paper offers a reminder of how difficult it is to apprehend the complex situation of ancient rural landscapes through the lens of classical sources. It then goes on to consider the recent contribution of rescue archaeology and the interpretative problems posed by the entanglement of numerous rural settlements whose size and luxury are not necessarily relevant indicators of productivity.

Representing a new disciplinary orientation, the archaeology of construction is defined as the study of all material traces furnishing information about the design, the construction, and the management of a building. It thus offers a way of broadening our approach to Roman architecture, until now considered mainly from the point of view of monumental and decorative typologies. This article aims to set out its various specificities and potential contributions. While the archaeology of construction has clear methodological links with the archaeology of standing structures, notably through the vertical stratigraphy of elevations, it is distinguished by its scale of study, which covers the entirety of the building site and seeks to restitute its context of production and its dynamics. Seven elements are considered, illustrated by recent archaeological research: the initial project of the building, the preparation of the site, the setting up of infrastructures, the production of materials, their transformation, their implementation in the construction, and finally the finishing and decorative operations. The data collected make it possible to combine an archaeology of techniques with socio-economic history, considering the building process in all its interactions with Roman society as a system of production and trade.

Based on Florian Mazel's book L'évêque et le territoire. L'invention médiévale de l'espace (ve-xiiie siècle), this article seeks to revisit the spatial turn that has marked medieval studies in France over the last thirty years. Historians of dominium in the feudal period draw on the phenomena of incastellamento or inecclesiamento to suggest a territorial anchoring of populations around the “poles” or “cells” of domination, namely the castle, the church, the cemetery, and the parish. Mazel, however, offers a reflection on another scale. He sees territory as a space for the expression of political sovereignty, with the church and its establishment of a new form of spatiality—the diocese—preceding the state as an institution realized through a territorial construction. Through its focus on the diocese, this analysis concentrates on a scale which makes sense within a general hierarchical dynamic of ecclesial spatialization, from top to bottom, from local to universal. But it also and above all enables an interrogation of how the territorial practices of the medieval church made possible the transition to space in the modern—homogeneous and isotropic—sense.

Dominique Iogna-Prat's latest book, Cité de Dieu, cité des hommes. L'Église et l'architecture de la société, 1200–1500, follows on both intellectually and chronologically from La Maison Dieu. Une histoire monumentale de l'Église au Moyen Âge (v. 800–v. 1200). It presents an essay on the emergence of the town as the symbolic and political figure of society (the “city of men”) between 1200 and 1700, and on the effects of this development on the church, which had held this function before 1200. This feeds into an ambitious reflection on the origins of modernity, seeking to move beyond the impasse of political philosophy—too quick to ignore the medieval centuries and the Scholastic moment—and to relativize the effacement of the institutional church from the Renaissance on. In so doing, it rejects the binary opposition between the church and the state, proposes a new periodization of the “transition to modernity,” and underlines the importance of spatial issues (mainly in representational terms). This last element inscribes the book in the current of French historiography that for more than a decade has sought to reintroduce the question of space at the heart of social and political history. Iogna-Prat's stimulating demonstration nevertheless raises some questions, notably relating to the effects of the Protestant Reformation, the increasing power of states, and the process of “secularization.” Above all, it raises the issue of how a logic of the polarization of space was articulated with one of territorialization in the practices of government and the structuring of society—two logics promoted by the institutional church even before states themselves.

Published in 1977 by the OECD in a context of widespread stagflation, the Mc
Cracken report has become emblematic of the “neoliberal turn” in international economic cooperation. This study undermines this shared teleological interpretation by revisiting the sense of what was acceptable among the actors mobilized in its writing and the structural uncertainty into which they were plunged by their attempt to anticipate the economic and political future. Rather than an uncontested victory of neoliberalism, the sociogenetics of this bureaucratic text uncover the coping strategies of the “international Keynesianism” inherited from Bretton Woods and the plausibility structures of this space situated at the confluence of the political, bureaucratic, and academic domains. The dynamic of production is analyzed as a situational logic through which the secretariat of the OECD was exposed to polymorphic external rationales and resources that collided with and gauged one another. The form of the report makes it possible to confront informational, bureaucratic, and political capitals, effectively rendering tangible their differential value or exchange rate for the participants. The socially structured expectations of the feasible, the expensive, and the risky are traced throughout the collective process of composition based on four key moments: the commission, the establishment of a framework, the constitution of the group, and the crystallization of the report. The article thus proposes another way of investigating the nature of “turns.”