Contenu du sommaire

Nationality and Citizenship in Germany Today, Riva Kastoryano. In 1999, Germany broke with its conception of nationality as the right based on place of birth, recognized since 1913, and even with its conception of the nation going back to Herder and Fichte. This event, as significant for it as for Europe, is put into historicalperspective. It shows Germany as a country of immigration, a multicultural society in which participation could lead to citizenship, a nation and a state in which new citizens upset legacies and representations and in which double nationality is not a panacea. The strength of immigration, Turkish above all, bas forced the country to negotiate its own identity differently and to seek a democracy beyond the one set up in 1949.

A Strategy of the IRA : the Fight in Jail, Tiphaine Granger. The IRA has been leading a guerrilla war against the British forces based in Northern Ireland. This fight has also gone on inside the prisons. The confrontation between the British administration and the Volunteers of the IRA has been permanent. From 1971 politics of incarceration has hardened. The internal conflict has increased during the 70's and has reached its height in 1981 with the starting of a hunger strike that lasted seven months and during which ten men died. This endless fight had consequences over the population, whose reactions had sometimes an influence on the adversaries' decisions. The IRA has been considering the jails as a means of fight, which is most of the time very effective.

The Ideologies of the "Third Way" in the 20's : the Eurasist Russian Movement, Marlène Laruelle. The Eurasist thought, which was born in Russian emigres circles in West in the twenties, constitutes an unknown version of the conservative revolution or ofthe so-called revolutionary rights ideologies. It shares with them a "nor right nor left" conception, hesitates between its admiration for the Bolshevik revolutionary adventure and its appeal for fascism. It first of all marks its difference with the Western context by its attraction for a certain judaity but also and especially by its discourse on the "third continent" : Russia must combine Communism and fascism because she is, by her geography and her history, a median cultural borrowing more to nomadic Turco-Mongolian Asia than to the Western world. Eurasism shows the originality of the Russian political thought : it takes part in Western discussions and intellectual fashions but is frequently coupied with a specific cultural discourse.

A New Art of Construction, Gérard Monnier. Focusing on the transformations accomplished in the last 30 years in the mastery of construction materials, procedures and methods, this text shows the involvement of international networks of engineers, the impact of the industry and patents, and the weight of major commissions in stimulating working links between architects and engineering offices. In France, the policy of grand public works, decentralization and the orders for new industrial sites have brought in big engineering offices and a new "art of construction" that associates conception and building very closely, so as to determine spaces (lobbies, naves, atriums) specifically for reception areas in public buildings. The architects involved in this field have thus been able to convince the materials and components industries to work on new products. The article ends on the instability brought about by new social needs (environment and quality standards) and the consequences on the architect's status due to the coming together of architecture and construction.

Prisons on Trial. The Mutineers of Nancy (1972), Philippe Artières. In the wake of the post-1968 struggles, common law prisoners started mobilizing as of 1971. The Nancy mutiny in January 1972 was repressed, but it brought about mobilization inside and outside French prisons. The author analyzes this from the records of the Prison Information Group (GIP) but also from those of the press and various investigations. The GIP, in which famous intellectuals actively participated, had a big role in showing prison reality clearly in what was the first big prison trial.

Young Gaullists' Discontent in May 1968, François Audigier. Created in 1965, the Union of Youth for Progress brought together thousands of members in favor of a social Gaullism often critical ofthe UNR and the Pompidou administration. Even though it was composed mostly of students, the UJP was unaware of the new generations' distress such as the university crisis and bypassed the May explosion altogether. Except for a few leaders and sections that provided a minimal Gaullist presence, it languished after making a few attempts. Its awakening was late and coincided with the political renewal. The May events revealed the contradictions of a movement split between a desire to represent the youth and respect of its political allegiances, of an organization torn between a progressive minority that had supported the revolting students in the name of participation, and a conservative minority that saw in May 1968 an attempt at insurrection and the need to conquer it. In between these two radical readings, most members had wavered before adhering to the General's formula : "Reform yes, a mess, no."

The Social History of a Company. Pechiney (1921-1973), Gérard Vindt. From 1921-1973 Pechiney's social history revolves around two Systems of interactions : the virtually permanent hierarchic System and that of social relations that adapts to local and national contexts according to three main periods, from the time of autonomy to that of productivist consensus and its limits.

Produce for the Reich. German Orders to French Industry (1940 - 1944), Arne Radtke-Delacor. The May-June 1940 debacle, the Armistice and the Occupation of most of the Hexagon were a total surprise for the Nazi leaders as well as for their enemies. There was a first plan (summer 1940), full of hesitations and adaptations to the new situation, and then the occupier put in place, as of fall 1940 and thanks to Vichy's collaboration, a limited but systematic organization of exploitation of French resources for the continuation of the war. When the Third Reich declared total war after the failure of the surprise war in Moscow and the now world-wide war, a new stage began in France at the beginning of 1942, marked by the intensive use of resources that helped the German war effort. This plan didn't end until the Liberation. Next to these three major phases of German economic policy during the fours years of the Occupation, there were three basic strategies of the exploitation of the conquered territories. They were at the forefront of the Nazi regime's discussions in the summer of 1940 ; some were implemented simultaneously and some successively in France : First, the classic policy of pure and simple rape and plunder, the most primitive way of supplying the conqueror. Second, the more subtle strategy of stimulating production in the occupied country itself in order to increase the yield in the long run to the benefit of the German war economy. Thirdly, the physical exploitation in the real sense of the word, including the strategy of going after men and deporting them to hard labor outside of occupied territory. Among these three choices, in response to the continuation of the war and the policy of collaboration of the "French state", the second option was at the heart of the practice of exploitation in France with some few exceptions (beginning and end of the Occupation, the interlude 1942-1943.)