Contenu du sommaire
Revue | Revue de Géographie Alpine |
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Numéro | vol. 109, no 4, 2021 |
Texte intégral en ligne | Accessible sur l'internet |
- Histoire environnementale et histoire du tourisme en montagne : vers la construction d'une connaissance nouvelle ? Une étude de l'architecture des stations de sports d'hiver dans les Alpes franco-italiennes - Caterina Franco L'histoire environnementale est un champ d'études en plein essor. En effet, la compréhension du passé à la lumière des interactions entre facteurs humains et naturels est en phase avec les enjeux écologiques, énergétiques et sanitaires qui affectent les sociétés contemporaines. Cet intérêt se retrouve notamment dans les travaux qui portent sur le territoire alpin et la montagne en général. Notre contribution s'inscrit dans les études sur l'histoire du tourisme dans les Alpes et met à l'épreuve la capacité de l'histoire environnementale à en produire une connaissance renouvelée. De plus, elle interroge la spécificité des Alpes et de la montagne comme terrain d'étude privilégié pour l'histoire environnementale. Après avoir retracé le contour d'une production scientifique récente et internationale qui se réfère à l'histoire environnementale, nous présentons les résultats obtenus par une expérience de recherche menée sur l'histoire des stations de sports d'hiver dans les Alpes franco-italiennes. La compréhension des relations entre l'évolution des projets et les composantes naturelles et historiques des sites d'implantation, l'extension des cadres spatiaux et temporels des analyses et le recours à une multiplicité de sources permettent un nouvel éclairage des processus de mise en tourisme des hautes terres. Notre travail invite à dépasser l'image des infrastructures construites « ex nihilo » ou dans des sites dits « vierges », et une narration limitée à la période des Trente Glorieuses, pour dévoiler les dynamiques de transformation d'un territoire sur le temps long.Environmental history is a rapidly developing field of study. In keeping with the ecological, energy and health issues that affect contemporary societies, it is important to understand the past by examining the interactions between human and natural factors. This interest is particularly evident in work on the Alps and mountains in general. Our contribution relates and adds to studies focused on the history of tourism in the Alps and assesses the capacity of environmental history to produce a renewed knowledge. Moreover, it investigates the specificity of the Alps and the mountains as a privileged field of study for environmental history. After outlining recent scientific output from around the world based on environmental history, we present the results obtained through a research experiment on the history of winter sports resorts in the French-Italian Alps. Understanding the relationships between the evolution of the projects and the natural and historical components of the sites where they are located and extending the spatial and temporal frameworks of the analyses and the use of multiple sources will clarify how tourism develops in high-altitude areas. Our work invites researchers to move beyond the image of infrastructure built “ex nihilo” or on so-called “virgin” sites and a narrative limited to the period of the “Trente Glorieuses” to reveal the dynamics of how a territory transforms over time.
- Environmental History, The History of Tourism in the Mountains and the Construction of New Knowledge: A Study of the Architecture of Winter Sports Resorts in the French-Italian Alps - Caterina Franco Environmental history is a rapidly developing field of study. In keeping with the ecological, energy and health issues that affect contemporary societies, it is important to understand the past by examining the interactions between human and natural factors. This interest is particularly evident in work on the Alps and mountains in general. Our contribution relates and adds to studies focused on the history of tourism in the Alps and assesses the capacity of environmental history to produce a renewed knowledge. Moreover, it investigates the specificity of the Alps and the mountains as a privileged field of study for environmental history. After outlining recent scientific output from around the world based on environmental history, we present the results obtained through a research experiment on the history of winter sports resorts in the French-Italian Alps. Understanding the relationships between the evolution of the projects and the natural and historical components of the sites where they are located and extending the spatial and temporal frameworks of the analyses and the use of multiple sources will clarify how tourism develops in high-altitude areas. Our work invites researchers to move beyond the image of infrastructure built “ex nihilo” or on so-called “virgin” sites and a narrative limited to the period of the “Trente Glorieuses” to reveal the dynamics of how a territory transforms over time.
- L'évaluation géoécologique de l'intérêt patrimonial des sols polygonaux hérités en montagne alpine. L'exemple du Col du Noyer (Massif du Dévoluy, Hautes Alpes, France) - Pierre Pech, Mahé Ajinca, Sylvain Abdulhak, Eric Hustache, Laurent Simon, Brigitte Talon À 1664 m d'altitude, le col du Noyer, dans le massif français du Dévoluy, accessible en été par une route, fait partie des cols alpins très fréquentés. Il était disposé en secteur non englacé lors de la dernière glaciation quaternaire et il a subi les effets de l'action du gel intense. Des formes de sols polygonaux ont été récemment découvertes. Notre étude présente les résultats d'identification et de caractérisation de ces formes ainsi que des cortèges floristiques qui les occupent actuellement. Les analyses, menées par une équipe pluridisciplinaire, consistent en travaux de repérage par photointerprétation, en études géomorphologiques, sédimentologiques et pédoanthracologiques. Elles confirment la présence de ces sols polygonaux hérités. Des relevés floristiques révèlent que ces formes périglaciaires héritées constituent des habitats originaux, favorisant une forte hétérogénéité locale. L'ensemble constitue un complexe naturel nécessitant une mise en protection. La valorisation patrimoniale de ce site constituerait un moyen de protéger ce complexe constitué d'un paysage géomorphologique rare dans les Alpes, pédagogique sur le plan de sa lisibilité et de son interprétation paléoenvironnementale.At an altitude of 1664 m, the Col du Noyer in the French Dévoluy Mountains, which is accessible in summer by road, is one of the most popular Alpine passes. It was located in an unglaciated area during the last Quaternary ice age and suffered the effects of the severe frost. Polygonal grounds formations have recently been discovered. Our study presents the results of the identification and characterisation of these formations as well as the floristic assemblages that currently occupy them. The analyses, carried out by a multidisciplinary team, consist of photo-interpretation, geomorphological, sedimentological and pedoanthracological studies. They confirm the presence of these inherited polygonal grounds. Floristic surveys reveal that these inherited periglacial formations constitute original habitats, favouring a strong local heterogeneity. The whole constitutes a natural complex requiring protection. Enhancing the heritage value of this site would constitute a means of protecting this complex, which is a rare geomorphological landscape in the Alps: educational both in terms of its understanding and its paleoenvironmental interpretation.
- The Geoecological Evaluation of the Heritage Interest of Polygonal Soils Inherited in Alpine Mountains. The Example of the Col du Noyer (Massif du Dévoluy, Hautes Alpes, France) - Pierre Pech, Mahé Ajinca, Sylvain Abdulhak, Eric Hustache, Laurent Simon, Brigitte Talon At an altitude of 1664 m, the Col du Noyer in the French Dévoluy Mountains, which is accessible in summer by road, is one of the most popular Alpine passes. It was located in an unglaciated area during the last Quaternary ice age and suffered the effects of the severe frost. Polygonal grounds formations have recently been discovered. Our study presents the results of the identification and characterisation of these formations as well as the floristic assemblages that currently occupy them. The analyses, carried out by a multidisciplinary team, consist of photo-interpretation, geomorphological, sedimentological and pedoanthracological studies. They confirm the presence of these inherited polygonal grounds. Floristic surveys reveal that these inherited periglacial formations constitute original habitats, favouring a strong local heterogeneity. The whole constitutes a natural complex requiring protection. Enhancing the heritage value of this site would constitute a means of protecting this complex, which is a rare geomorphological landscape in the Alps: educational both in terms of its understanding and its paleoenvironmental interpretation.
- Des chiens pour protéger contre les loups des brebis en parcs clôturés : une pratique nouvelle et encore problématique - Baptiste Potet, Charles-Henri Moulin, Michel Meuret La prédation par les loups affecte tous les systèmes d'élevage, y compris ceux avec plusieurs lots d'animaux mis à pâturer dans différents parcs clôturés, parfois distants et dispersés dans le paysage. La protection d'animaux en l'absence d'un humain responsable à leurs côtés, éleveur ou berger, et par la seule combinaison de clôtures et de chiens, est une pratique nouvelle n'ayant pas reçu beaucoup d'attention dans les recommandations de politiques publiques. À partir de plusieurs sources de connaissances, depuis les écrits de scientifiques jusqu'au recueil d'expériences auprès d'éleveurs des Alpes du Sud, nous analysons trois questions afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de la pratique : le nombre de chiens nécessaires, la complémentarité des chiens dans un groupe, l'espace à protéger. Plusieurs chiens sont en effet nécessaires. Au sein d'un groupe, les chiens peuvent assurer des rôles complémentaires et ceci optimise la protection. La recomposition des groupes au cours de l'année peut engendrer des difficultés. Il peut s'avérer pertinent de permettre aux chiens de parfois franchir les clôtures, afin qu'ils n'aient pas à attendre que des loups sautent ou creusent par dessous. Mais dans un pays densément peuplé et fréquenté, le travail des chiens en périphérie des parcs est confronté à un risque élevé de conflit avec d'autres usagers de l'espace. Lorsque les espaces de pâturage deviennent zones à risque pour des randonneurs ou chasseurs confrontés aux chiens, la pérennité des élevages peut être remise en question.Predation by wolves affects all livestock farming systems, including those having different batches of animals being simultaneously grazed in distinct and sometimes distant fenced pastures scattered over a landscape. In the absence of a responsible human herding and watching over his flock or herd, livestock protection by the sole combination of fences and guard dogs is a new practice in France, that has not yet received much attention in public policy recommendations. We used several sources of knowledge, from the scientific literature to experiences of breeders interviewed in the Southern Alps, to analyse three issues to improve the effectiveness of the practice: the number of guard dogs required per batch of animals, the complementarity of dogs within their working group, and the land area to be protected by dogs. In each case, several dogs are necessary. Within their group, the guard dogs can play complementary roles and this optimizes protection. The rearrangement of dog groups during the year can cause difficulties. It may be appropriate sometimes to allow guard dogs to cross fences, so that they do not have to wait for wolves to jump or dig underneath. But in a densely populated and frequented country such as France, allowing protection by dogs on the periphery of fenced pastures faces a high risk of conflict with other land users. When grazing lands become risky areas for hikers or hunters confronted with guard dogs, the sustainability of outdoor livestock farming may be called into question.
- Guard Dogs to Protect Sheep Grazing in Fenced Pastures Against Wolf: a New and Still Challenging Practice - Baptiste Potet, Charles-Henri Moulin, Michel Meuret Predation by wolves affects all livestock farming systems, including those having different batches of animals being simultaneously grazed in distinct and sometimes distant fenced pastures scattered over a landscape. In the absence of a responsible human herding and watching over his flock or herd, livestock protection by the sole combination of fences and guard dogs is a new practice in France, that has not yet received much attention in public policy recommendations. We used several sources of knowledge, from the scientific literature to experiences of breeders interviewed in the Southern Alps, to analyse three issues to improve the effectiveness of the practice: the number of guard dogs required per batch of animals, the complementarity of dogs within their working group, and the land area to be protected by dogs. In each case, several dogs are necessary. Within their group, the guard dogs can play complementary roles and this optimizes protection. The rearrangement of dog groups during the year can cause difficulties. It may be appropriate sometimes to allow guard dogs to cross fences, so that they do not have to wait for wolves to jump or dig underneath. But in a densely populated and frequented country such as France, allowing protection by dogs on the periphery of fenced pastures faces a high risk of conflict with other land users. When grazing lands become risky areas for hikers or hunters confronted with guard dogs, the sustainability of outdoor livestock farming may be called into question.
- Voir la glace. Tour d'horizon des sites touristiques glaciaires alpins, entre post- et hyper-modernités - Emmanuel Salim, Christophe Gauchon, Ludovic Ravanel Les glaciers sont, depuis près de deux siècles, des objets touristiques très visités. Cependant, le changement climatique actuel remet en question l'existence même des glaciers. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cet article est de questionner les formes touristiques qui sont aujourd'hui identifiables au sein de l'ensemble des sites touristiques glaciaires alpins. Un inventaire réalisé à l'échelle de l'Arc alpin montre que différentes pratiques touristiques (contemplation, visite de grottes de glace, activités ludiques, éducation à l'environnement et luxe) coexistent. L'analyse du fonctionnement des différents sites montre que ces pratiques peuvent être reliées aux différentes formes de tourisme détaillées dans la littérature : tourisme moderne, post-moderne et hyper-moderne. La coexistence de ces formes au niveau des sites glaciaires révèle six combinaisons possibles soit six types de sites : les sites contemplatifs, expérientiels, ludiques, interprétatifs, premiums et distinctifs. Leur analyse spatiale montre en outre que les sites les plus hauts de gamme (premiums et distinctifs) sont principalement localisés autour des hauts-lieux du tourisme alpins (Chamonix, Zermatt et Grindelwald) tandis que les autres sont répartis de manière plus homogène. Ces résultats interrogent les trajectoires de développement des sites et le rôle qu'y tient le changement climatique, objets potentiels de futures recherches.Glaciers have been popular tourist attractions for almost two centuries. However, current climate change is now posing a new threat. In this context, this paper aims to question the tourism forms which are currently identifiable within Alpine glacier tourism sites. An inventory carried out on an Alpine scale shows that different tourist practices (contemplation, visit of ice caves, recreational activities, environmental education, and luxury) can coexist. The analysis of the way various sites function demonstrates that these practices can be related to the different forms of tourism that exist in the scientific literature: modern, post-modern and hyper-modern tourism. The coexistence of these forms of tourism at glacier sites reveals six possible combinations, i.e. six types of sites: contemplative, experiential, recreational, interpretative, premium and distinctive. Spatial analysis also shows that the premium and distinctive sites are mainly located around the major Alpine tourist destinations (Chamonix, Zermatt and Grindelwald), while the others are more homogeneously distributed. These results raise questions about the way in which these sites was and will develop and the role climate change plays, both of which constitute potential research topics for the future.
- Seeing the Ice. An Overview of Alpine Glacier Tourism Sites, Between Post- and Hyper-Modernity - Emmanuel Salim, Christophe Gauchon, Ludovic Ravanel Glaciers have been popular tourist attractions for almost two centuries. However, current climate change is now posing a new threat. In this context, this paper aims to question the tourism forms which are currently identifiable within Alpine glacier tourism sites. An inventory carried out on an Alpine scale shows that different tourist practices (contemplation, visit of ice caves, recreational activities, environmental education, and luxury) can coexist. The analysis of the way various sites function demonstrates that these practices can be related to the different forms of tourism that exist in the scientific literature: modern, post-modern and hyper-modern tourism. The coexistence of these forms of tourism at glacier sites reveals six possible combinations, i.e. six types of sites: contemplative, experiential, recreational, interpretative, premium and distinctive. Spatial analysis also shows that the premium and distinctive sites are mainly located around the major Alpine tourist destinations (Chamonix, Zermatt and Grindelwald), while the others are more homogeneously distributed. These results raise questions about the way in which these sites was and will develop and the role climate change plays, both of which constitute potential research topics for the future.
- Eis sehen. Ein Überblick alpiner Gletschertourismusorte, zwischen Post- und Hypermodernität - Emmanuel Salim, Christophe Gauchon, Ludovic Ravanel
- Les représentations du risque avalancheux chez les pratiquants d'activités récréatives hivernales du Massif vosgien - Florie Giacona, Frédérick Guyon Si de nombreux travaux ont questionné la notion de risque, peu ont porté sur les avalanches dans les massifs de moyenne montagne alors que de tels phénomènes s'y produisent régulièrement. Cet article s'interroge sur l'appréhension du risque lié aux avalanches dans le Massif vosgien (nord-est de la France) chez les pratiquants d'activités récréatives hivernales, principaux concernés par le risque. Une enquête par questionnaire vise à vérifier que leurs représentations du massif et du risque sont influencées par leur culture sportive et leur culture montagne. L'analyse de l'échantillon (N =376) met en avant la coexistence de connaissances et de représentations diversifiées du risque d'avalanche. Néanmoins, nombre de pratiquants ne détiennent pas de culture du risque d'avalanche, au sens d'une acquisition de connaissances du phénomène et du risque associé, conduisant à la conscience de leur exposition et d'une appropriation du risque qu'ils encourent. Il y a ainsi absence de construction du risque d'avalanche dans le Massif vosgien liée à une absence d'identification de la vulnérabilité.Whereas numerous studies questioned the risk concept in France, few so far focused on medium-high altitude avalanches, even though those occur on a regular basis. This article studies how winter outdoor activities practitioners apprehend avalanche risk in the Vosges Mountains (north-east France). Our survey demonstrates that their perception of both the mountain environment and avalanche risk is influenced by their culture of sports and mountains in general. Analysis shows a diversity of knowledge and perception of the risk. However, a significant number of practitioners (including hikers, skiers or mountaineers) seem to have no culture at all of avalanche risk, which is preventing them from realizing they are exposed. As a consequence, one can say that this lack of feeling vulnerable has led to an absence of mental construction of avalanche risk in the Vosges Mountains.
- Representations of the Avalanche Risk Among Winter Outdoor Activities Practitioners in the Vosges Mountains - Florie Giacona, Frédérick Guyon Whereas numerous studies questioned the risk concept in France, few so far have focused on medium-high altitude avalanches, even though those occur on a regular basis. This article studies how winter outdoor activities practitioners apprehend avalanche risk in the Vosges Mountains (North-East of France). Our survey demonstrates that their perception of both the mountain environment and the avalanche risk is influenced by their culture of sports and mountains in general. Our analysis shows a diversity in knowledge and perception of the risk. However, a significant number of practitioners (including hikers, skiers or mountaineers) seem to have no culture at all of the avalanche risk, which prevents them from realising that they are exposed. As a consequence, one can say that this lack of feeling vulnerable has led to an absence of mental construction of the avalanche risk in the Vosges mountains.