Contenu du sommaire : Marchés de droits et environnement

Marchés de droits et environnement

• Les marchés de droits pour la gestion de l'environnement - Alain Karsenty, Jacques Weber p. 7
• Le propriétaire, l'exploitant, le salarié et l'exclu : les conséquences sociales de la gestion des pêches par des systèmes de marchés de droits - Rémi Mongruel, Gisli Palsson p. 29
  The proprietor, the operator, the wage earner and the marginalized : The social consequences of fishing management through the rights-market system This article examines the social consequences of fishing management through individually transferable quota systems, hereby termed itq. The rise of the itq to the status of a privileged management tool, despite persistent scientific controversies, may be explained by profound economic and institutional mutations accompanying the internationalisation of fishing. As past experiences however demonstrate, the itq practice modifies production relations to the extent of provoking the breakdown of social contracts specific to the sector. The implications of the tool for fishing- dependent societies in developing countries thus need to be envisaged with caution.
• Privatiser pour conserver ? Petits arrangements de la nouvelle économie des ressources avec la réalité - Valérie Boisvert , Armelle Caron, Estienne Rodary p. 59
  Privatization for conservation ? The compromises of new resources economics with reality The very free-market inspired current of new resources economics the privatisation of natural resources as a way of ensuring their conservation. Despite its shaky theoretical foundations and the tendency to bend reality to fit arguments, the current has some influence on the determination of policies. We shall demonstrate that it contributes to spreading an erroneous representation of the rights-market and that it is based on questionable experiences wildlife management.
• Comment intégrer les pays en développement dans des politiques climatiques fondées sur un système de quotas d'émissions ? - Sandrine Mathy p. 83
  How may developing countries be integrated in climate policies based on an emission quota trading system ? Climate policies will not be accepted by developing countries as long as they are perceived as further constraints to their development. The sharing of the burden imposed on these countries therefore has to be perceived as equitable. Howe- ver, the diversity of measures considered for determining the fairness of quota allocation compromises the possibility of reaching agreements. On the other hand, the system of transferable emission permits brings about compensatory transfers, which may significantly help in drawing quotas and accompanying measures aimed at the removal of development barriers.
• Biodiversité et ressources génétiques : la difficulté de la constitution d'un régime international hybride - Hélène Ilbert, Sélim Louafi p. 105
  Biodiversity and genetic resources : The difficulty of constituting a hybrid international regime Negotiations concerning biodiversity have partially polarised North-South positions. The choice of resorting to intellectual property-rights as a management tool for using and conserving genetic resources is recognised both by the ito and the Biodiversity Convention. However while the trade regime within the framework of the no is an efficient basis for innovation in high-tech countries, the regime governing the use and the conservation of genetic resources within the Convention's framework is still not really enforced.
• Gestion durable des forêts et incitations directes à la conservation de la biodiversité - Eduard Niesten, Richard Rice p. 127
  Sustainable forest management and direct incentives for biodiversity conservation Current strategies for conservation are generally based on indirect incentives through which the habitat protection is an ancillary benefit from another activity. Sustainable forest management is typical of such a strategy. However it is neither financially feasible nor ecologically satisfactory. Only direct incentive strategies based on remunerating conservation efforts can be efficient. Such are the mechanisms of the market for environmental services. Several instruments exist in form of indemnities for environmental servitudes or transferable development rights, although conservation concessions based on the repurchasing of use rights appear to be better adapted to the developing countries.
• Les "concessions de conservation" sonnent-elles le glas de l'aménagement forestier durable ? - Alain Karsenty, Robert Nasi p. 151
  A commentary on the article of E. Niesten and R. Rice : Do the « conservation concessions » toll the bells of sustainable forest management ? Conservation concessions, as advocated by E. Niesten and R. Rice, suggest the paying revenues to populations and the State so that they may renounce income derived from forest exploitation. Apart from the questionable transformation of peasants as renters of conservation, serious questions arise as regards the assessment of financial compensation ; the hypothesis of repurchase of traditional rights through contracts is barely realistic. Similarly, the argumentation with regard to sustainable management or the underlying economic pattern is not fault- free. In the event that environmental concessions do not constitute a global alternative to logging, the conditions of their use as complementary instruments to already existing ones remains to be defined.

• Piques et polémiques

  • Marchés de droits et marché du droit - Etienne Le Roy p. 161
    Rights-markets and market of Law Rights-markets are the latest mechanisms invented for two centuries to adapt market and property patterns to a plural reality or to plural logics. The diversity of their application renders them unavoidable in the domains of environmental management and economic analysis. And yet Law as such is strikingly absent from such developments though markets deal with « rights », which therefore raises issues of definition and application. The relationships between rights and the market are more complex and delicate to interpret than is often imagined. There may hence be a need to re-launch the dialogue between economics and law, by way of legal anthropology.

• Varia

  • Dynamique du peuplement, libéralisation économique et décentralisation dans les deltas de l'Asie des moussons - Sylvie Fanchette p. 177
    Population dynamics, economic liberalisation and decentralisation in the Asian monsoon deltas The deltas and irrigated valleys of monsoon Asia are areas of dense population concentrations. The large plains have considerable advantages that favour human expansion, assuming that their hydraulic systems are properly harnessed. The plains have been developed by societies organised within the framework different political regimes, which have to varying degrees managed to put to value their huge agricultural potentials and exploit the rent from great commercial networks. The conditions of their valorisation have however changed during the last twenty years, with the issuing risk of endangering their fragile environment due to the onslaught of urbanisation and industrialisation.
  • La réforme foncière au Laos. Une politique hasardeuse pour les paysans - Olivier Ducourtieux, Jean-Richard Laffort, Silinthone Sacklokham p. 205
    Land reform in Laos, an hazardous policy for farmers Lao State launched in 1994 a land reform inspired by international aid donors and neighbouring socialist countries. It aims at increasing land tenure security, encouraging farmer's involvement in intensive farming and eliminating slash-and- burn agriculture so as to protect the forest. The land laws have shortcomings open to various interpretations depending on local social relationships. Since local specificities are not taken into account, the reform is counterproductive for both forest protection and farming modernization, and with regard to marginalizing the poorest farmers.

• Analyses bibliographiques

  • Marchés de droits et environnement - F.-D. Vivien (éd.) ; S. Pagiola, J. Bishop et N. Landell-Mills (édi.) p. 229
  • Asie - M. Santikarn Kaosa-ard et B. Rerkasem ; F. Molle et T. Srijantr (édi.) p. 233