Contenu du sommaire : Paysans : modes de survie

Paysans : modes de survie

• Présentation - p. 487
• Le devenir de l'économie paysanne en Chine - Claude Aubert p. 491
  The future of the peasant economy in China While the population actively involved in agriculture has become a minority in China, it is now the entire future of the peasant economy which is being questioned. However, this latter, based on « minifundias » consisting of multiple activities, is quite lively and involved in the economic growth of the whole country through the temporary migrations to the cities. The source of the Chinese economy's sustenance therefore seems to lie in its « self-exploitation. » It is however valid to question the long term viability of this situation which tends, once again, to favour urban interests at the expense of the peasantry.
• La dynamique agricole chinoise face au commerce mondial : un nouveau Big Bang ? - Yong He, Jean-Christophe Simon p. 517
  The dynamism of the Chinese agriculture in the face of world trade : A new Big Bang China's agricultural production presents a major challenge to national development and to world trade. Ten years ago, L. Brown (1994) predicted that China would reduce its cultivated surfaces due to rapid industrialisation, leading to a major crisis for world grain markets, thus causing an undesirable Big Bang. Recent data from Chinese sources does not back up this analysis. Three scenarios of probable future trends consider variation of land allocation and market supply. Conclusions suggest that a new specialisation of Chinese agriculture in labour intensive production, currently under way, can be sustained in the decades to come.
• Agriculture et économie rurale en Inde - début de réveil - Gilbert Etienne p. 539
  The new dynamics of agriculture and rural economy in India There is a noticeable relaxation of agricultural policies from Pakistan to China, since the green revolution (1960-80), with a resultant fall in public expenditure and the consequent slowdown of growth. India's case illustrates these trends which explain the current need to improve rural infrastructures, research, extension services, increase rural loans and eliminate environmental degradation in order to reduce poverty. The government has taken this path since May 2004 though its efforts are curtailed by stringent budgetary constraints.
• La pauvreté des exploitations familiales nicaraguayennes : retard technique ou manque de terres ? - Sébastien Bainville, Rolando Mena, Elisabeth Rasse-Mercat, Isabelle Touzard p. 559
  Family farming poverty in Nicaragua : Technical delay or lack of land ? This study, based on an analysis of farming in ten Nicaraguan communities, presents three main categories depending on land held, salaries and labour force involved : farm work is either carried out solely by hired labour, shared between farmers and extra hired labour, or entirely done by farmers and their families. The comparison of the technical and economical achievements of these groups shows the interest in family farming : it is often more productive and offers more rural employments. This article thus stresses the need to support and maintain small farms, although increasing liberalism seriously threatens favourable land policies.
• Vingt ans d'ouverture économique : l'avenir compromis de l'agriculture familiale au nord du Costa Rica. - Guy Faure, Mario Samper p. 581
  Twenty years of economic opening : The compromised future of family agriculture in the North of Costa Rica The North of Costa Rica was colonised during the previous century, thus enabling the creation of vast extensive ranching and the installation of small producers. During the 60's and the 70's, national policies were favourable to family agriculture. Since the 80's however, the progressive withdrawal of the State and the liberalization of exchanges have profoundly modified the conditions of agricultural production. In the new context, family farms are resorting to diversified strategies to prevent risks or to draw profit from new opportunities. However the margins of action are narrowing and the future family agriculture is uncertain.
• Quel rôle joue l'agriculture dans la croissance et le développement ? - Pierre Berthelier, Anna Lipchitz p. 603
  What role does the agricultural sector play in growth and development ? A successful economic transition involves a continuous flow of resources from agriculture to industry. This resource transfer depends on structural factors affecting demand, marginal labour productivities, technical progress, sectoral factor endowments and public economic policies. Agricultural transition is an essential input of economic growth, but is not solely sufficient for generating sustained growth. The rhythm of agricultural transition is mainly explained by the dynamism of capital accumulation in the whole economy, by agricultural policies and by investment in human capital.

• Varia

  • S'approprier les politiques de développement : nouvelle mode ou vieille rengaine ? Une analyse à partir des expériences du Burkina Faso et du Rwanda - Rolf Meier et Marc Raffinot p. 625
    Working out programs with the IMF in Africa : A new approach ? Analysis of the Rwanda and Burkina Faso cases Since 1999, programs supported by the IMF must align with a poverty reduction strategy designed by government. However, this prerequisite of ownership, that sounds like a major reorientation, was also present during the preparation of Structural Adjustment Programs, but difficult to reach. Based on experiences in Burkina Faso and Rwanda, this article analyses the practice of designing macro- economic frameworks with the IMF. It shows that the IMF teams favored standard diagnoses and policies that were barely adapted to the specificities of the country, disregarding local settings and rejecting programs elaborated by the governments - even as a basis for discussion.
  • Crise ivoirienne, envois de fonds et pauvreté au Burkina Faso - Jean-Pierre Lachaud p. 651
    The horion crisis, remittances and poverty in Burkina Faso Based on the data of household surveys in Burkina Faso, the study shows a fall and a new relative distribution of the remittances from Ivory Coast during the period 1998-2003. Whereas more than half of the households getting transfers benefited from redistribution from Ivory Coast in 1998, they were no more than a quarter in 2003. The study suggests a significant relation between the decline of remittances from Ivory Coast and the rise of national poverty, especially transient poverty, during the same period.
  • L'aide non étatique au Rwanda : des leçons de 1994 ? - André Bourque p. 675
    Indirect aid in Rwanda : Lessons from 1994 ? The challenges posed to post- 1994 Rwanda engaged international aid as regards its capacity to adjust to unusual situations and, above all, draw lessons from collective responsibility in the face of the tragic events of 1994. The analysis of the evolution of indirect aid, since its appearance in Rwanda from 1910 to 2002, indicates that it has only partially adjusted to the Rwandese situation after 1994, principally in terms of the volume of aid and the additional packages specific to Rwanda. However major challenges remain unattended and several practices having contributed to joint responsibility for the events of 1994 remain unchanged.