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Grain and grandeur : the economic origins of general de gaulle's european policy The thousands of books and articles on Charles de Gaulle's policy toward European integra­tion, whether written by historians, political scientists, or commentators, universally accord primary explanatory importance to the General's distinctive geopolitical ideology. Explana­tions of his European policy place seondary significance, if any at all, on commercial conside­rations. This paper seeks to overturn this historic graphical consensus by examining the four major decisions toward European integration taken under de Gaulle's Presidency : to remain in the Common Market and promote the CAP, to propose the Fouchet Plan in the early 1960s, to veto British accession to the EEC, and to provoke the « empty chair » crisis in 1965-1966, resulting in « Luxembourg Compromise ». In each case, I argue, the overwhelming bulk of the primary evidence - speeches, memoirs, confidential discussions, and government documents -confirms that the interests de Gaulle pursued were more commercial than geopolitical. Like his predecessors and successors, de Gaulle sought to promote French industry and agriculture by establishing protected markets for their export products. Insofar as the General had geopoli­tical aims, commercial constraints imposed by industrial and, above all, agricultural producer groups were so tight that he was hardly able to realize them. De Gaulle was a democratic poli­tician first and a geopolitical visionary second. His experience has much to tell us about the narrow limits modern democratic politics imposes on any effort to make statecraft serve an idio­syncratic geopolitical vision.

Constructivist and realistic visions of peace consolidation in bosnia or alice in wonderland meets the frankenstein monster This text takes up a few basic notions of constructivism and realism in order to explain the nature of conflicts and the relevance of a peace consolidation mission. These two theoretical visions are applied to the analysis and interpretation of the Bosnia conflict, and we propose a brief presentation of a few appraisals of the Dayton agreements. We then examine the consolidation of peace in Bosnia in the political, safety and social-economic areas by applying and comparing the constructivist and realist theses. We conclude on the future of Bosnia and the explanatory value of our conceptual analysis method.

Cet article de sociologie financière présente les résultats d'une recherche portant sur la négociation des contrats de plan (1994-1999) entre l'État et les régions françaises, La nouvelle donne institutionnelle de la décentralisation invalide les modèles déjà déclinants de la planifi­cation et de l'aménagement du territoire par l'État : désormais, selon la logique légitime de référence de la contractualisation, l'État et la région sont à égalité pour sélectionner les priorités territoriales à programmer financièrement dans les contrats de plan. Pourtant, l'État, recentré sur un rôle régulateur, tente d'imposer ses règles dans la négociation en déformant le « référentiel » à son avantage. En réalité, le processus central, mais largement occulté, de la négociation contractuelle est constitué par la régulation financière qui s'organise autour des enjeux et des normes de cofinancement, d'engagement et de préservation des crédits. Le modèle bipolaire de la négociation de l'action publique conventionnelle combine donc des règles qui sont finement répertoriées pour questionner la portée de la nouvelle approche - « globale », « transversale », « partenariale » et « territorialisée » -, des problèmes publics. Negotiating contractual public action [in france] : the planning contracts between the state and the regions This financial sociology article presents the results of research on the negotiation of planning contracts (1994-1999) between the French government and the regions. The new institutional decentralization regime has invalidated the already declining centralized patterns of planning and territorial development : from now on, according to the (legitimate) contractual logic of reference, the French state and the regions have equal roles in establishing the territorial priorities to be financed through planning contracts. But the state, in its central regulatory role, seeks to ompose its own rules in the negotiation by bending the « referential » to its advantage. The central but largely hidden process of contractual negotiation consists actually in financial regulation organized around stakes and norms of co-financing, commitment and preservation. The bipolar pattern of negotiation of contractual public action combines rules that are finely itemized so as to question the scope of the new approach ? « global », « transversal », « partnerized » and « territorialized » - to public problems.

Readjustment of the role played by people in domestic waste management : from the sphere This article deals with the place that sorting and selective collection have taken in the reorientation of domestic-waste, management since the end of the eighties. The development of these practices presupposes popular adherence, which not only has an effect on the relation people have with their rubbish, but also on a series of links with institutional, administrative as well as economic, realms. Therefore, it is a question of going back over this user participation in order to understand how such a solution could arouse an apparent consensus. To this end, the ana­lysis which is put forward here brings to light the problems and stakes from which this evolution has got under way upstream from the collective commitment for household refuse. Examining the devices used to modify attitudes and behaviours also enables to better realize the conditions in which this new organization is set. As an extension of these perspectives, the resort to this type of programme of action induces to wonder about the underlying logic, inasmuch as this logic can appear not only as a form of rationalization, but especially as a form of colonization of the lifeworld by imperatives stemming from the administrative and economic systems.