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Military crowns of leaves in Rome : Indo-European remains and ancient beliefs According to tradition, the four crowns of leaves presented to illustrious soldiers first came into use under the kings or in the early Republic ; they do in fact originate in a much older system. The oak leaves of the "corona ciuica" can be connected with the fertile "arbores felices" as a good omen plant. The three sorts of triumphus — the "triumphus" (in the Capitol after a war fought according to the rules), the "castrensis triumphus" (strictly military, held in the camp), the "ouatio" (in Rome, after a victory won by treaty without combat) — correspond to three "coronae" : laurel (a plant whose religious symbolism is associated with Jupiter), "gramen" (dedicated to Mars) and myrtle (probably Venus and Quirinus)

Sixteenth-century exegetes on conversion and apostasy Were Catholic and Protestant exegetical works becoming increasingly « confessional » during the sixteenth century ? A study of the evangelical "loci" of conversion and apostasy — i.e. Peters denial, Jesus' words on denial, the parables of the Lost Sheep, the last drachma, the Prodigal Son (Mt 26, 69-75 ; Mt 10, 33 ; Lk 15), does not enable to say that this was so. Even so, in the seventeenth century, notably the episode of Peters denial, gave rise to a virulent re-reading at the time of the Jansenist crisis. As a result the role assigned to the question of grace in the breakup of Christian unity in the sixteenth century must be reassessed.

Religion and language in Nineteenth-Century America : The curious case of Andrews Norton From the 1810s to the 1840s the American biblical scholar Andrews Norton attacked German theological radicalism and its American analogues (especially Transcendentalism). A fresh look at these polemics reveals, at their center, epistemological anxieties about the nature and function of language. Norton's writings, though of minor importance in themselves, may serve as a key to unlock a distinctive but largely forgotten American tradition of linguistic speculation, possibly helping to explain thinkers as consequential as the anthropologist L. H. Morgan and the philosopher Charles Peirce.