Contenu du sommaire : Science

Science

• Ad directionem ingenii - Eric Brian
• Science, politique et sciences sociales. - Pierre Bourdieu
• "Vrai", les valeurs et les sciences. - Ian Hacking
• Nouvelle Production du Savoir et Triple Hélice. (Tendances du prêt-à-penser les sciences). - Terry Shinn
  Nouvelle Production du Savoir et Triple Hélice Tendances du prêt-à-penser les sciences Les deux courants analytiques en sociologie de l'innovation connus sous les noms de Nouvelle Production du Savoir et de Triple Hélice ont souvent fait l'objet de débats au cours de nombreuses discussions sur le paysage changeant de la science, du monde des affaires et des relations sociales. Cette étude a pour but d'identifier et d'esquisser les profils géographiques, institutionnels, professionnels et disciplinaires des groupes qui travaillent suivant chacune de ces deux orientations. Il donnera un aperçu des arguments clés, puis analysera leurs fondements méthodologiques et empiriques et les directions prises par ces deux approches au cours des dernières années.
• Les formes spécifiques de l'internationalité du champ scientifique. - Yves Gingras
  The Specific forms of the internationality of Science It is generally agreed that science, in its principle of finding the reason behind the phenomena, is international and even universal in its aims. But beyond this topos, the real question is that of the historically specific forms of the internationality of science. Since at least the emergence of universities in the Middle Ages, a decisive institutional event, one can identify many mechanisms through which philosophers, naturalists and, later scientists, overcome their locality to create an international space of scientific activity and discussion. Generally speaking we can identify three ways through which the international character of scientific activity have been expressed. First, the circulation of persons, texts and objects, then the mode of knowledge production and finally the financing of research. After briefly presenting the historical periods during which the international circulation of research developed we will analyse in more details the structural transformations of the last thirty years of the 20th century which saw the emergence of a new mode of production of knowledge based on collaboration between scientists from different countries. Still embryonic, the internationalisation of funding is nonetheless important in some fields and everything suggest that its growth will continue. We also analyse two phenomena which are inherent to the idea of a world-wide scientific field but have been less studied, namely the linguistic homogénéisation of the products of research and the délocalisation of the means of knowledge production. By recalling the inseparably local and international character of the results of scientific research, scientists can play on both sides of the track and mobilise both local and international resources. The «international union of scientists» can thus accept (and claim) local funding in the name of patriotism and the
• Une institution sans intention. (La sociologie en France depuis l'après-guerre). - Alain Chenu
  An institution with no intent Postwar sociology in France The paid exercise of sociology has undergone far-reaching changes in France since 1945. Forms of paid practice are analyzed using partially unpublished documents on the ways in which public research is organized, on the characteristics and career paths of the students, on the journals and associations through which the life of the discipline is expressed. Three periods are identified. Full-time empirical research became organized in France around 1950, in the context of the CNRS, at the instigation in particular of G. Friedman. The scholarly definition of the discipline which prevailed in universities began ebbing with the creation, in 1958, of the licence in sociology, which opened the way to a professional practice outside the academic world. Sociology's institutional base continued to grow in the area of research with the multiplication of professional journals, and in the area of secondary education with the creation, in 1976, of the social sciences agrégation, a competitive examination in which sociology, together with economics, is one of the principal subjects. The third phase, which began in the 1970s, can be described as the teachers' era. Taken up by the university of the masses, sociology is one of the «refuge-disciplines» in which resistance to elitism is on the whole still alive and well. This trend weakens the prospects for the professiona- lization of sociology diplomas.
• Nobles et ignobles - Le "Nobel" d'économie. Les prix Ig-Nobel. - Frédéric Lebaron
• Top 50 - La signature scientifique - La bibliométrie, genèse et usages. - David Pontille
• Vingt-ans après. - Pierre Bourdieu
• Le savoir de l'ingénieur (Mathématiques et politique à Naples sous les Bourbons). - Massimo Mazzoti
• Genèse particulière d'une science des nombres. (L'autonomisation de la statistique en Italie entre 1900 et 1914). - Jean-Guy Prévost
  Genèse particulière d'une science des nombres L'autonomisation de la statistique en Italie entre 1 900 et 1914 La statistique italienne de la première moitié du XXe siècle se caractérise par l'originalité et l'importance relatives de sa contribution scientifique ainsi que par sa position nettement dominante vis-à-vis des sciences sociales de l'époque. Alors qu'on ne saurait parler, autrement que dans un sens administratif, d'une statistique française ou même allemande, il existe en effet au cours de cette période une statistique proprement «italienne», avec sa définition particulière de la discipline, ses préoccupations distinctes, son vocabulaire original et que certains de ses tenants posent en digne rivale de la statistique «anglo- saxonne». Par ailleurs, la statistique s'impose alors largement comme le langage privilégié des sciences sociales italiennes; de fait, les mêmes auteurs seront économistes, démographes, sociologues, anthropologues, crimino- logues, mais comme il n'est pour eux de science que du mesurable, ils seront aussi, et souvent d'abord,

  The Emergence of the Italian Statistical Field 1900-1914 Any assessment of Italian statistics as it developed during the first half of the twentieth-century must take into account the relative originality and consistence of its scientific contribution as well as the clearly hegemonic position it acquired vis-à-vis Italian social science of that era. Whereas any talk of national statistics immediately and almost exclusively conjures the administrative meaning of the term, one cannot deny the existence at that time of a distinctively Italian statistics, endowed with a peculiar definition of the discipline, specific concerns, as well as an original vocabulary. For its fiercest champions, Italian statistics could be favourably contrasted with so-called Anglo- Saxon statistics. At the same time, statistics established itself as the favoured language of Italian social science; indeed, the same authors could write as economists, demographers, sociologists, anthropologists or criminolo- gists, but since, for them, science could not exist without measurement, they were also and above all statisticians. The purpose of the present paper is to examine closely the emergence of modern Italian statistics or, more precisely, the manner in which, over a short period of time, was carved up for statistics a territory distinct from that of its nearest neighbours. Specifying the nature of statistics implied
• De la démo-cratie en Amérique. (Formes actuelles de la démonstration en intelligence artificielle). - Claude Rosental
• Construction et déconstruction des diagrammes de Dynkin. - Muriel Lefebvre
• La mémoire des gestes de science et ses enjeux. - Charles Alunni