Contenu du sommaire : Foires et marchés ruraux en France

Foires et marchés ruraux en France

• Les places marchandes et le monde rural - Isac Chiva p. 7-13
• Les places marchandes agricoles en France - Gabriel Wackermann p. 15-63
  The Physical Agricultural Markets in France. The marketing of the agricultural products on the physical markets is in a state of crisis since the appearence of great food chains and the increasing part taken by the abstract markets in the general economic development. Fairs and physical markets do not however play only an economic part; their social and cultural function remains important. Therefore it would be right to give a more important part to the study of these exchange places which are true observatories of social behaviour.
• Les aspects non économiques des foires et marchés - Jacques Maho p. 65-68
  Non Economic Aspects of the Fairs and Markets. Beside the economic transactions the importance of which is always growing less, fairs and markets assume symbolic and learning functions, as well as they consolidate kinship relations. An evolution in four stages can be observed ranging from the market, limited to the exchange of agricultural products, until the fair where different activities predominate which are no more commercial and which allow the farmer to react against the alienation from his work that modern standards of production and commercialisation involve.
• Les marchés de production de fruits et légumes du Sud-Est - Claudine Durbiano p. 69-90
  The Fruit and Vegetable Markets in the South-East. The markets in the South-East originated in the second half of the 19th century. 40 to 45 % of the fruit and vegetables of the region are still traded in these markets. In spite of the development of new trading habits, farmers and merchants generally remain faithful to this ancient tradition. There are two types of market: the marchés d'intérêt national (MIN) and the satellite markets. The min have gained overwhelming influence at the expence of the satellite markets. Markets seem now to be a refuge for small and average sized indépendant producers who remain largely unorganized, whereas the more important farmers tend to prefer direct deliveries or to create groups of producers. But markets are true centres of exchange for fruit and vegetables: prices established there serve as a point of reference for all the other types of transaction. It is therefore regrettable that supply and demand are not better matched. Peasant behaviour has been strongly influenced by the daily market activity.
• Organisation coopérative et recours des producteurs aux marchés agricoles traditionnels - Philippe Nicolas p. 91-98
  Co-operative Organisation and the Producer's Resort to Traditional Agricultural Markets. Traditional wholesale markets are in a state of general decline and retain an important role only for the marketing of live' cattle and, above all, of fresh fruit and vegetables. Even this function is brought into question by the general evolution of the agricultural/food economy and, more especially, since at least a decade, by the development of new forms of co-operative agricultural organisations, making good use of the possibilities offered by the sica and the groups of producers. Is it possible to view these traditional markets simply as residual, archaic features, ancient wholesaling methods which were once dominant? Is their disappearance a likely eventual outcome of this process? Or, as a result of qualitative changes pretendly talcing place, will certain of these markets, in certain sectors, when renewed and made more specialised, remain indispensable to the functioning of complex and varied systems of production and marketing?
• L'organisation du marché du vin en Languedoc et en Roussillon aux XIXe et XXe siècles - Rémy Pech p. 99-111
  The Organisation of the Wine Market in Languedoc and Roussillon in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. After considering the legal conditions of sale and the different customs governing market transactions, the article discusses the control and material organisation of the wine markets, and the relationships between the different groups involved: merchants, brokers, landowners, the processes of fixing prices and, lastly, the different distribution process and the role of legislation. At its peak, the heart of the wine producing world, the actual wine market has, with the growth of telex and multinationals, lost its importance. It has, however, for more than a century had a marked influence on the economic and social life of an entire region.
• Le développement des marchés au cadran dans la région du Nord - Jean Vaudois p. 113-133
  The Development of the "Marchés au Cadran" in the Nord Region. The recent creation and speedy growth of a marché au cadran network for vegetable commercialization testify to the increasing ascendancy of the economic organization of producers over the main vegetable areas in the Nord Region. The success of these new markets can be explained by several favourable technical, economic and human factors. It is a major event in the present evolution of the rural districts of the Nord.
• Les marchés du bétail en Bretagne en 1978. - Marie-Louise Aubry-Breton p. 135-141
  Cattle Markets in Brittany in 1978. Traditional markets, in their ancient form, are in the process of disappearing — but the one at Fougères is an exceptional case for, although the methods of buying are traditional, most of its characteristics are marked by the process of modernization. The markets by auction as well as the marchés au cadran can be devided into two groups: cattle markets and pig markets. Cattle markets were first established in the Finistère at the initiative of the SICAMOB. Other markets have been created in a similar way in the Côtes-du-Nord in the last two years under the influence of co-operatives. The pig trade, after a turbulent history, seems to be better organized now under the guidance of the « Marché du porc ». Alongside these markets, there has also been parallel development of direct and integrated channels. Figure 1 shows the conflict between the liberal system (for example SICAMOB) and co-operatives, especially in the Côtes-du-Nord.
• La foire aux bestiaux en Vendée au XVIIIe siècle. Une restructuration du monde rural - Philippe Bossis p. 143-150
  The Cattle Fair in the Vendée in the 18th Century. A Reconstruction of the Rural World. Cattle fairs and markets had an exceptional role in the Vendée: "the land of the ox". Varied pastures occupied sometimes 75% of the parish lands and from 15 to 30% of the farm's area. The density of cattle, one head per 2 ha on average, was much superior to the cereal growing openflelds. Cattle were reared mainly for tilling the fields, but those incapable of work were fattened up. Share-cropping (métayage), "institutionalised" livestock leasing which produced 8-10% profit, increased the number of the sessors: merchants, farmers (both fermiers généraux and partiels), officiers, priests, middle-classes and wealthy peasants. Some represented nobles who, with certain exceptions, did not frequent the fairs. Those who took livestock were various types of share-croppers (métayers), ploughmen (laboureurs), bordiers or closiers (75-90% of the peasantry). Thus in this way two groups, usually separated by their social functions, met, exchanged information and "officiated" — for some, several times a month — at the fair, in peasant dialect; constrained by the rules of supply and demand, of speculation and credit: economic necessities which became habits and ways of making and renewing social contacts.
• L'inégale prospérité des marchés agricoles en Anjou et en Poitou. Leur rôle dans l'organisation de l'espace - Gustave Vergneau p. 151-167
  The Unequal Prosperity of Agricultural Markets in Anjou and Poitou. Their Role in Spatial Organisation. The modernisation of agriculture has often resulted in the economic integration of agricultural markets. In the Deux-Sèvres and neighbouring departments, the situation is extremely diversified. Using numerous surveys and varied documents, the author analyses the temporal and spatial fluctuations of trading places according to the products sold (vegetables or cattle). He shows how their traditional roots have endured and underlines the extraordinary vitality of some of them. The author also discusses the wider role of the agricultural market in urbanisation, its links with other urban functions such as employment and trade (sedentary or itinerant). He ends with some reflections on spatial organisation as he compares the urban network to the agricultural market network; certain similarities and differences are thus made clear for the area studied.
• La floraison des foires et des marchés au XIXe siècle. L'exemple d'un département breton : l'Ille-et-Vilaine - Marie-Louise Aubry-Breton p. 169-174
  Fairs and Markets in Upper Lozère. Markets centres located in the north-west of the present department of Lozère are analysed here historically (from surveys carried out during the Ancien Régime) and in terms of their present functions and interrelationships. They complement each other in a number of ways, in terms of their geography, size and frequency and emerge as a fairly autonomous system, although open at the edges to the influence of peripheral markets. The reconstruction of the annual calendar of fairs from at least the 18th century shows their great permanence, their age and their role in the agricultural and social calendar. The spatial organisation of the market places themselves, the people who frequent them and their social and commercial functions are studied here using the examples of Marvejols and Nasbinals. The recent demographic and social evolution has produced certain changes whose effects are documented here. In a region where fairs and markets have always represented, alongside the church, a most important social function, it is to be feared that the present difficulties of agriculture at middle altitudes may lead to the progressive disappearance of numerous fairs, which little by little turn into ordinary markets.
• La fin des foires et la persistance des marchés en Périgord - Marie-Claude Groshens p. 175-197
  Fairs Decline and Markets Persistance in Périgord. Based on partial datas, this paper tries to give a description of the changes that affected fairs and markets in Périgord since the beginning of the 19th century. The whole department is first studied through a comparison of three tables showing the situation in 1900, 1950 and 1975. This confrontation points out on the one hand the decline of the fairs and the persistance of the markets, on the other the progressive and inequal lost of their impact on the regional agricultural production. The second part is a, monograph on the fairs and markets at Montignac-sur-Vézère, describing precisely the different categories of agents and the way they mark their commercialisation area. Because of the position of the town in the region, the case of Montignac- sur-Vézère is quite representative of the differences that occur in the changes affecting fairs and markets.
• Des foires et des marchés en Haute-Lozère - Pierre Lamaison p. 199-230
  Fairs and Markets in Upper Lozère. Markets centres located in the north-west of the present department of Lozère are analysed here historically (from surveys carried out during the Ancien Régime) and in terms of their present functions and interrelationships. They complement each other in a number of ways, in terms of their geography, size and frequency and emerge as a fairly autonomous system, although open at the edges to the influence of peripheral markets. The reconstruction of the annual calendar of fairs from at least the 18th century shows their great permanence, their age and their role in the agricultural and social calendar. The spatial organisation of the market places themselves, the people who frequent them and their social and commercial functions are studied here using the examples of Marvejols and Nasbinals. The recent demographic and social evolution has produced certain changes whose effects are documented here. In a region where fairs and markets have always represented, alongside the church, a most important social function, it is to be feared that the present difficulties of agriculture at middle altitudes may lead to the progressive disappearance of numerous fairs, which little by little turn into ordinary markets.
• Le système des places marchandes des Hautes-Pyrénées - Rolande Bonnain p. 231-246
  The System of Market Places in the Hautes-Pyrénées. The study of rural market places does not concern only the economic life of a given area: it has importance also for all aspects of social life. At different periods, these different functions change, just as the network of market organisation changes its form. The author presents here her research project on the fairs and markets of the Hautes-Pyrénées and an attempt at defining each of their forms. The role of women who go to market is now clear: an extension of their specific activities at home and on the farm (domestic tasks, and work in the garden. and in the farmyard), while the fair with its festive and dangerous aspects remains the men's domain.
• Les fonctions marchandes et leurs traces dans le paysage. - Christian Zarka p. 247-255
  Market Functions and their Effects on the Landscape. Three markets places differ with respect to their location, morphology and popularity. At Saint-Benoît-du-Sault, in the Indre, merchant activity has given birth to the medieval town; at Levroux (Indre) a weekly market of ancient origin is held on an eccentrically located open space. Lastly, at Les Hérolles, at the point where three regions in the Centre join, an important monthly fair takes place in a village which is almost lifeless for the rest of the time. The analysis of the spatial morphology of these three market centres reveals the political function which accompanies their economic and social functions. The market town of Saint-Benoît, centrally located and built up, is an expression of the political influence of a social group on the local power structure. That at Levroux takes the form of a peasant forum, located away from the town, which again reveals the contrast between two different worlds: rural and urban. In these two cases, as a cross-roads of information, the market centre transmits the ideology of the dominant group which uses it as a ready point. At Les Hérolles, on the contrary, the marginal location of the village gives the market place a sort of political neutrality which facilitates the strictly economic transactions between several regions.
• L'évolution des marchés urbains en Savoie. Continuité ou rupture dans la relation ville-campagne ? - Bernard Poche p. 257-267
  The Evolution of Urban Markets in Savoy. Continuity or Break in the Relation between Cities and the Surrounding Countryside? Is the apparent recrudescence of activity on. urban markets a sign of new types of links between cities and the surrounding countryside? A study of some markets in Savoy seems to show that modernization of vegetable production occurs on larger scale circuits, and that the increasing number of sellers of agricultural origin is directly linked to the pre-retirement behaviour of elderly farmers who live near urban areas and who still have no successors. The study also shows stability in the composition of social groups frequenting the market place, and the slight impact of fashionable ideas, such as ecology, on the market functions.
• Le marché imaginaire. Marchés aux châtaignes du Sud-Ouest - Ariane Bruneton-Governatori p. 269-275
  A Market of the Imagination: Chesnut Markets in the South'West. The traditional wholesale chestnut markets which still take place in the south-west of France illustrate a type of economic behaviour where the seller is a simple delivery man. Strong links between producers and merchants are in evidence, they each fulfil unspoken contracts: the former deliver the goods, and the latter takes them. In this so-called transaction the price of the goods is not even discussed. Since in the field of human activities marks from the past cannot always be found, especially where behaviour is concerned, it may be useful to observe such a market in order to throw some light on the usual forms of trade for certain products in the 18th and 19th centuries for instance.
• La production du foie gras. Exemple d'un marché : Pau - Catherine Cazalet p. 277-288
  The Production of, Foie Gras: the Market at Pau as an Example. The foie gras market at Pau is an interesting case because of its particular location as well as the nature and high price of the product concerned. It is difficult to consider it without referring directly to the product and studying the production techniques and' trading systems (such as sica, preserving firms and markets), in order to place the market at Pau in a wider context.
• Le marché-gare de Carpentras. Entre tradition et modernité - Michèle de La Pradelle, Guy-Patrick Azémar p. 289-301
  The Railway Market at Carpentras, between Tradition and Modernity. Although in Carpentras the itinerant market and the wholesale market (which became a railway market in 1963) are spatially and economically distinct, a survey of their historical development since the end of the 19th century shows that these differences have not always existed. The wholesale market was set up during an agricultural revolution and became progressively differenciated from the itinerant market. But historical research and field surveys show that their links, some obvious, some less so, have subsisted: the itinerant market, the railway market and the satellite wholesale market form together a dynamic network of market places. It appears, through a brief analysis of the transformations of agriculture in the Comtat, that not only was the wholesale market the place where these alterations occurred, but it also favoured and directed them. Related to the general economic system, and also rooted in local customs, intimately mixing tradition and modernity, markets change progressively and are a basis for innovation.
• Le marché aux veaux de Château-Gontier (Mayenne). Le point sur l'évolution récente - Agnès Guellec p. 303-305
  The Veal Market at Château- Gontier (Mayenne). A Statement on its Recent Evolution. The veal market at Château-Gontier has developed since 1976; the volume of transactions has increased, but their characteristics remain the same : 70% of the calves offered are for fattening; selling by lots is essential practise there, and with it the archaic aspect of this market survives, as compared to the 'marchés au cadran' in Brittany. However, this traditional aspect guarantees its strength. Its future seems unthreatened.
• Marchés de Durtal (Maine-et-Loire) - Rémy Lebreton p. 307-320
  The Markets at Durtal (Maine-et-Loire). At Durtal, a little town on the borders of Anjou, a market which was established in the 18th century takes place every Tuesday. First, the article discusses the topography of the market; then summarizes the nature and certain aspects of the behaviour of different participants. The counting of participants shows that their role in the market differs according to time of day, age and sex. The market transactions are described in detail, their rather "dramatic" aspects being underlined, and the article ends with a more theoretical discussion of the nature and function of the market.
• Le marché du « plus gros bourg de France » : Nogent-le-Rotrou en Perche - Bertrand Hervieu, Nicole Eizner p. 321-326
  The Market of the Biggest 'Bourg' in France: Nogent-le-Rotrou in Perche. This article on the weekly market held on Saturday mornings at Nogent-le-Rotrou aims to show the historical evolution of an agricultural market which, from being the scene of economic exchanges between producers (cereal market, cattle market, direct sale of agricultural products), has turned into a place where mass production and the excess of the local production (agriculture and crafts) converge. It is now a market of simple consumption whose role is to meet both the 'functional' needs of the local population and the entertainment needs of the numerous second-home owners established in the surrounding area. The market has thus survived but its function has been transformed.
• Différenciation et espace sexuels dans les foires et marchés à Corbigny (Nièvre) - Marie-France Gueusquin-Barbichon p. 327-330
  Sexual Roles and Sexual Space in the Fairs and Markets of Corbigny (Nièvre). The market place and the café, which assume a dominant role in cattle fairs, are a closed space, strictly reserved for men. Alongside the cattle market itself, agricultural goods are exhibited and sold, and here both sexes take part. A little further away, mobile shops and small open stands sell fresh goods: while the man strolls along these stalls, it is the woman who plays a dominant role since she is the one who takes the initiative in domestic purchases. It also encourages marriage, since it allows young people to meet freely. Finally, the fair allows members of the same family to get together. The poultry market, which takes place on each side of the main street of the town, is the woman's domaine since she is entirely responsible for selling. Other informations allow us to define the principal functions of the fair and market: economic exchange and social intercourse. It is apparent that in these two senses competition and. rivalry tend to be accentuated, whereas in the village they tend rather to disappear.