Contenu du sommaire : Sports et identités.

Construction of juvenile sport categories The educational circles appear to share a belief in the virtues of sport in its more varied forms from institutionalised sport (in clubs) which would favour the learning of the rules of life to •free” or •self”-organised sports allowing the expression of juvenile creativity and sporting postmodernity. A new sporting reality takes shape gradually and tends to oppose two juvenile sporting worlds, that of managed sportsmen rooted in the sporting tradition and that of unorganised youth rather inclined towards sporting modernity. As in other fields of juvenile cultural practices, research in sociology and sport marketing seem to have taken part in the construction of these categories and in this social •illusion”.

Passionate young supporters Whoever goes to football stadiums knows that supporterism attracts partisans with changing commitments built sometimes around different scenes. Why do the most emphatic expressions come from groups of passionate young people ? What is the sociological depth of this supporterism ? Are these activists •a mirror of their time” ? The answers to these questions can only result from surveys closely related to •the people of the stands”. The paper shows that groups of young people with independent commitments break the image of a standard audience. There are either no •more dead than alive” among supporters.

Groups of ultra-supporters For about twenty years, groups of •ultra” supporters have been committed in supporting French football clubs. Proposing activities, rules and targets they play a socialising role and contribute to the identity construction of their members. They are sometimes considered as juvenile institutions which mask their ambivalence : they are as much at odds as in line with the social standards and the dominant modes of organisation. These peer groups fulfil a function of social integration and develop new forms of participation in public life.

Violence at school and EPS Dominique Bodin, Catherine Blaya, Luc Robène, Stephane Héas If physical and sport training (EPS) like the whole of school disciplines in France is confronted with the issue of violence whatever the form it takes (inci vility, symbolical violence, bullying, physical violence…) and whatever the structural channels and links this violence follows (pupils/ pupils, boys/ girls, teachers/ pupils, pupils/ system) it appears to the teachers' unanimous view that violence is less obvious and less pregnant than in other disciplines. The reasons are multiple : differentiated interest of the pupils for this particular discipline, synergy between EPS teachers and pupils ; a discipline which integrates at the same time •the training of the control of impulses” and allows •a space of tolerated unbridled emotions”, and a training as well of EPS teachers that favours the transmission of knowledge, the educational relationship and the control of the affect.

Marginalized young people and sport The adolescents' behaviours facing sport question and let foresee a gap between discourses and effective sporting practices. Although the representations of leisure for adolescents coming from difficult backgrounds often aim at dominant sporting activities, few of them •materialize” by an effective practice. Identity and motivational processes rule the adolescents' behaviours. The study and understanding of these processes shed light on the identified phenomenon.

The sense of sport as spectacle The authors have carried out a questionnaire in order to give an account of the support or rejection of sport celebrities by the adolescents. Nine hundred secondary school pupils from the region of Provence-Alpes have been interviewed. The results stress that on the one hand, the most appreciated sportsmen are those who convey a tribal, community and nationalist culture (largely exacerbated by the media, the entertainment world and political discourses) which confer them a status of heroes. On the other hand, the sportsmen hatred by adolescents are for reasons that imply the same imaginary processes (the tribal, the community, the nation), but this time in the sense of impurity, unacceptable and deception.

Municipal youth policies in bischwiller The improvement of youth policies appears today as the major political concern for municipalities. At the request of the Bischwiller council, our study draws up an exhaustive panorama of the sociocultural, socioeducational and sport offer. for young people. Focusing on the positive points and lacks of municipal and associative initiatives (Contrat Educatif Local, Ticket-sport…) it encourages to understand their efficiency. This step is the introductory condition for an improvement, in medium term, of the coherence of actions addressing the young people of the town.

Practices and urban leisures : secondary school students in action The term leisure or recreation has a plurality of sense and significance. Nevertheless, if a consensual common point is to be found, one could prudently advance that the practice of a leisure assumes a •free” nature. This paper aims to explore one dimension of leisure practice through a particular population of high school pupils-workers Thus, we will integrate the spatiotemporal dimension constituant of this social group taking into account what we qualify of •set of socio spatial life”. Then the interconnexion of compulsory education and the demands of daily life (materialized by the practice of jobs) constitutes a new observation post of the practices of urban leisures.