Contenu du sommaire : Émergences asiatiques : objets et approches

Unexpected patterns of late industrialization: Diversity of exporter profiles and structural transformation discontinuities in East Asia. This paper proposes an empirical analyze of the process of structural transformation in East Asia based on two key dimensions: export diversification and sophistication. The evidence suggests the diversity of exporter profiles and some discontinuities in the process of structural transformation within the East Asian area. Thus, the export patterns that are emerging in a globalized economy have singular features.

Middles classes and emerging East-Asian economies. Measurement issues and microeconomic characterization issues The paper overviews the growing literature on middle classes in East-Asian countries along three lines of arguments. First, their definition and measurement are questionned. Second, we present various traits of these middle classes' microeconomic behaviour with respect to consumption and investment in human capital. Third, the capacity of these classes to bring about political change, within the specific context of East-Asian national political political economics, is assessed.

From Russia to China? An energetic switch for central Asian countries Central Asia is a shared neighbourhood for China and Russia. The Chinese dynamics is challenging Russian and western influences in the region. This article discusses the hypothesis of an energetic switch of the region toward China by studying four key parameters: the relationships with western firms, the ability of central Asian energy exporters to pass-by the soviet-time pipeline networks, Russian firms strategies and the evolving needs of the main customers of regional mineral resources, particularly China.

South-south cooperation and financing for development: the China South America relationship facing sustainable development challenges The paper elaborates a post Keynesian model of sustainable development and its financing process from recent neodevelopmentist, structuralists and neostructuralist Latin american works. We show that despite major inflections inspired by sustainability goals in South America since the 2000s, two recent dynamics taken on financing for development, firstly, the rise of Chinese trade and financial flows, and secondly, the new regional monetary and financial architecture, contribute only marginally to the implementation of the post Keynesian paradigm of sustainable development and to a new kind of financing process.

Emerging countries and multilateral institutional dynamics:the NAMA-11 in WTO negotiations. The article deals with the NAMA-11's strategy within WTO multilateral negotiations on the liberalization of industrial goods. Using the structural realism approach of international regimes theory, the aim is to explain the main emerging States' behavior. Do they either endorse or contest the WTO regime? The emerging countries negotiating strategy leads to a change within the regime and not a change of the regime. Their strategy gives rise to a contradictory process of endorsement of the principles and rules of WTO regime and a contestation of the modalities and mechanisms of WTO governance.

Emerging countries: a new challenge for IPE This article reviews the programs of the International Political Economy (IPE) to identify ways for an analytical treatment of the phenomenon of Emerging Powers. Following the typology of Drezner, we successively examine the theories of global governance, of international regimes and of hegemonic stability. The main result is a strong justification for state-based and Hegemonic Stability approaches in order to combine two strong properties of emergence: power and heterogeneity of preferences.

The neo-institutional approach of development versus Chinese emergence By analyzing the relationship between institutional forms and development, the neo-institutionalist approach advocates the adoption of "good institutions" based on property rights, free markets functioning and rules-based public interventions. The Chinese emergence, which resulted from institutional forms that do not conform to the Washington Consensus precepts, contradict these recommendations.

Access to individual loan by the customers of Congo's microfinance institutions: an analysis of the determinants of the self-exclusion and the obtaining of the loan The rise of the individual loan in microfinance leads to customers selectivity by the microfinance institutions. This article highlights this phenomenon in the case of Congo's microfinance institutions. By using a probit model, we demonstrate that loan applicant is subject to two barriers. The first one concerns the exclusion of potential applicants. Indeed, aware of the fact that they do not have enough collateral to obtain loans, several customers fail to seek a loan for fear to see their request rejected. The second barrier is that imposed by the microfinance institutions themselves which require a minimum of collateral for the loans.

From international negotiations to domestic policies: India ambivalent position on climate change After the failure of the Copenhagen Conference in 2009, national voluntary contributions from each country may be the basis of a future regime that should be adopted in Paris in 2015. It is thus essential to understand what prospects there are for countries contributing to the international negotiations or taking domestic action. This article focuses on India and explores various influences over India's engagement with international negotiations and over the development of domestic policies.