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The Prehistory of the Pāndava If it is true that the story told in the "Mahābhārata" is the epic transposition of an eschatological crisis, which culminates and concludes in the war between the Kaurava and their cousins, the Pāndava, it is surely justifiable to seek out the breaking points where the first signs are revealed of the drama which is to extend to the outermost bounds of the universe. By so doing, we will discover that, here again, the authors of the poem were able skilfully to exploit the system of oppositions offered to them by the trifunctional schema.

Rabbinic Schools in France during the Middle Ages This study examines Hebrew sources indicating that schools of higher Jewish learning were — in medieval France as elsewhere — considered to be of great spiritual sanctity, and that they were physically independent of synagogues and of a high architectural quality. The important discovery made at Rouen in 1976 is adduced as archaeological confirmation of the Hebrew textual evidence. Latin sources pertaining to these questions are thereafter studied, and the conclusion is drawn that, far from contradicting the archaeological and Hebrew textual evidence, these latter sources support it in a detailed manner. In France, contrary to a common conception, the term "schola judaeorum" normally designated a school of the Jews, "synagoga" being the most-used term for a synagogue.

Tristes tropistas. Do Brasil a França, uma controvérsia no despontar das guerras de religiāo A controvérsia religiosa que leve por palco a efémera França Antárlica, fundada no Brasil (1555-1560) pelo Cavaleiro de Villegagnon, é geralmenie inlerprelada como um conflito entre católicos e calvinistas. О problema, contudo, é mais complexo, provando-o por um lado a presença de um terceiro protagonista, o teólogo Jean Cointa, defensor da Confissāo de Ausburgo segundo as fontes « genovesas », e por oulro as sequelas da controvérsia, em França, no decorrer dos anos 1561-1562. Villegagnon, entāo, concentra os seus alaques, a propósito da Eucarislia, unicamente sobre os calvinistas, nāo deixando, no enlanlo, de se apoiar nos argumenlos dos luleranos ortodoxos, no combate destes contra os « Filipistas ». Neste conflito exemplar, nāo é tanio entre católicos e protestantes que a cisāo religiosa se opera, mas sim entre os parlidários da presença real e corporal de Deus nas espécies e os « tropistas » para quem о signo eucarístico é sobretudo da compelência de uma semiótica ou de uma gramática.