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This article copes with the two drivers of territorial development – namely the production and governance processes. It examines their characteristics, their functioning, and the role they play in the implementation of territorial development mechanisms. Their link with territorial innovations of various natures (technological, organizational, social and institutional) is also examined. The text starts with a survey of literature and experiences on the notions of governance and production at the territorial level, followed by an analysis of the black box of fabrication of territorial innovation. To finish, the mechanisms of territorial development are described, based on three possible options of (non) development: loyalty or cooperation, voice or competition, spatial exit or relocation.

The idea that a difference exists between territories supported by the creation of wealth and others more focused on their spending was put forward by Laurent Davezies. This author suggests a noticeable opposition between a geography of production and a geography of incomes. If the underlying transfers of income between these territories are supposed to ensure territorial and social cohesion, they would be a burden likely to decrease the efficiency of the most productive territories. It is therefore necessary, he says, to stop « incantations on the theme of territorial cohesion » and to condemn « discriminating policies in favor of territories creating growth ». However, these analyzes suffer from conceptual, methodological and statistical weaknesses. This article highlights four major difficulties that lead to rejecting this so-called « innovative » approach.

This response to the André Larceneux's paper pinpoints on (i) the meaning and interpretaion of the regional Gdp concept, (ii) the measure of interregional public budget induced transfers and (iii) on conceptual and statistical problems in the measure of local « presential » jobs.

This paper follows on from other works on the theme of well-being, combining characteristics of the utilitarian and capability approaches, while placing emphasis on the spatial dimension. It proposes to develop and test a method that makes it possible to: (1) identify factors that potentially contribute to a territory's well-being; and (2) use individuals' reported preferences to determine those territories where their levels of well-being would be the highest or the lowest. After presenting the method developed (involving a set of illustrated cards and a multiple-criteria decision-making process), this method was applied to an isolated rural community in central France. Natural amenities and accessibility to services stood out as the primary components of respondents' well-being, with certain settlements on the edges of urban areas – along transport routes and in the Loire plain (between Saint-Étienne and Roanne) – emerging as the places where their well-being would be highest.

We propose an urban transportation model that we use to evaluate transport policies in the city of Sousse (Tunisia). This model is aggregated with a flexible structure that allows us to adapt it to the available data and the problem in focus. We start by describing the procedure of the construction of the model and then develop the empirical application. We take into account multiple transport modes and we find that road pricing and fuel taxes reduce the usage of private cars. Modal switch will mainly concern other non-massified road modes. The overall reduction in congestion and emissions remain small. We conclude that, to be efficient, pricing reforms should be accompanied by an improvement in the supply of public transportation.

To understand the reasons why Tunisian operators use road freight transport and not the rail, a survey of 100 companies located in the Sahel region was conducted. The main result of this research is that the idea of modal shift from the roads to the railways caused various oppositions. This refusal is essentially explained by the negative image of rail and the negligence of environmental problems by most users.