Contenu du sommaire : La protection des données personnelles.

La protection des données personnelles

• Introduction - Guy Braibant p. 4 pages

• L'Europe communautaire : une culture commune, des interprétations divergentes

  • La directive européenne relative à la protection des données : fondements, histoire, points forts - Ulf Brühann p. 11 pages
    The European Directive on Data Protection : Foundations, History, Strong Points Following on from a variety of national and international (OECD and Council of Europe) initiatives and pushed on by the consequences of achieving the internal market, the European Community has adopted principles of data protection. While some fear a purely market approach to the question, the European directive is clearly inscribed within a framework of protecting human rights and freedoms. The objective of ensuring a high level of protection has survived the different compromises, which were necessarily agreed in drafting and adopting the text.
  • La transposition de la directive européenne sur la protection des données personnelles au Royaume-Uni - Charles D. Raab p. 16 pages
    Transposition of the European Directive on Data Protection in the UK While the transposition of the European directive into the domestic British legal order is at a more advanced stage than in a number of countries, it is still as yet incomplete. A study of the Data Protection Act 1984 and a comparison of this Act with the new 1998 Act makes it possible to chart the distance already covered and the stakes still to play for. The controlling body – the 'Registrar', in future the Commissioner – enjoys increased powers and will have to supervise the balance between the protection of private life and public access to information.
  • La mise en œuvre de la directive en Suède : une source de remous juridiques - Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg p. 12 pages
    Putting the Directive into Operation in Sweden : Causing a Legal Stir Data protection was ensured by an Act of 1973 which over the years has failed to adapt to the rapid development of new technologies. The necessary transposition of the European directive has reinforced the need for legislative reform. Adopted very quickly, the new law of 1998 on data protection has given rise to strong reactions. The debate has emphasised the tension between privacy protection and the freedom of the press. Besides, it was not possible to debate key questions such as the transmission of data to third countries during the legislative process.
  • La réforme de la loi «informatique et libertés» - Nathalie Mallet Poujol p. 14 pages
    The Reform of the French legislation “Informatique et Libertés” There are two aspects to the issue of transposition in France of the European directive. First, it is necessary to take into account the diversity of methods of processing personal data. Secondly, reform of the French legislative provisions must ensure that the rights of those people concerned remain effectively protected. The uncertainties which surround transposition of the directive arise as a result of both conflicting interests and also the panoptic effects of the new information technologies.
  • La protection des données personnelles en Espagne - Juan Francisco Mestre Delgado p. 6 pages
    Data Protection in Spain Conform with the Spanish tradition, the organic law of 1992 concerning electronic data processing is situated within a perspective of protecting fundamental human rights. This law seems to be in conformity with both the Council of Europe's Convention of 20 January 1981, the direct applicability of which has been explicitly recognised by the Constitutional Court, and the European directive.
  • L'autorité de contrôle : «vues» de Bruxelles - Yves Poullet p. 13 pages
    The Supervisory Authority : 'Views' From Brussels An examination of the situation in several countries (Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and the UK) with regard to the provisions of the European directive concerning the supervisory authorities reveals the stakes involved in the directive's transposition into domestic legal orders. The decisions of these supervisory bodies will in future be obligatory and therefore susceptible to judicial review. Their independence, which has been reinforced, leads to prioritisation of functional as opposed to organic criteria. New challenges emerge when putting into operation these provisions : such as co-operation, technical expertise and the risk of sectorisation.

• Le débat extra-européen : quel mode de régulation

  • La protection des données personnelles en dehors de l'Europe communautaire - Louise Cadoux p. 12 pages
    Data Protection Outside of the European Community Most states remain unaffected by the movement towards data protection driving Europe, either because they have no regulation governing protection or because any such regulation is not binding. In requiring that the transfer of data outside of the Community be subject to the presence of an effective system of data protection in third countries, the European directive is spreading the message and working towards harmonisation in this area. This Community action is taking place within the context of the European Economic Area, among states which are seeking admission to the Community, but also is operating beyond this through international agreements.
  • La protection des données personnelles aux États-Unis : la réaction à la directive européenne - James B. Rule p. 10 pages
    Data Protection in the United States : the Reaction to the European Directive The tensions which exist between American law and Community law on data protection reveal less a difference in starting position as in operation and institutional context. The conflict lies in the prohibition upon exporting personal data to countries which do not have an adequate level of protection. It is indisputable that the United States does not yet satisfy this criteria. While no legislative reform programme is envisaged, a solution may be found in the application of familiar principles such as self-regulation, thus allowing businesses or the commercial sector to fulfil the Community requirement. However, to this day self-regulation has yet to really prove itself in this area.

• Les responsabilités des acteurs privés et des politiques

  • Les entreprises face à la protection des données personnelles : contraintes subies et responsabilités croissantes - Bertrand Warusfel p. 13 pages
    Companies Facing up to Data Protection : Restrictions Imposed and Increased Responsibility Established twenty years ago, for reasons having nothing to do with economic or commercial imperatives, and rather destined at the beginning to give a framework to the practices of the state, the law on data protection in France has not been without effect on private companies. Today, businesses find themselves concerned primarily with the development of data processing and therefore the necessity to ensure data protection. Without adding to the already onerous administrative constraints imposed upon companies, what is needed is an assessment of the increase in responsibility and reflection upon the role of the administrative supervisory authorities.
  • Progrès technologique, protection de la vie privée et responsabilité politique - Herbert Burkert p. 11 pages
    Technological Progress, Protection of Private Life and Political Responsibility The protection of private life in the face of new technologies is a necessity which is universally recognised today and which carries with it the seeds of its own decline. On the one hand, it does not seem to be able to keep pace with technological developments ; on the other, it cannot escape from the prevailing crisis which surrounds regulation in general. While private life continues to be subject to increased bureaucratisation, we are witnessing at the same time the emergence of new values which seem to contradict our attachment to the need to respect private life. Technological solutions (ciphering) or legal responses (such as accessibility of public data and freedom of information) are not sufficient to deal with these problems. The necessary re-evaluation of the distribution of power to control information is a matter of political responsibility.

• Annexe

  • Directive 95/46/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 24 octobre 1995 relative à la protection des personnes physiques à l'égard de traitements des données à caractère personnel et à la libre circulation de ces données - p. 33 pages

Chroniques

• Chronique de l'administration

  • Au jour le jour - Marie-Françoise Bechtel, Francis Chauvin, Marie-Christine Henry-Meininger, Hervé Rihal p. 14 pages
  • Le point sur : Nouvelle-Calédonie : la disparition d'un territoire d'outre-mer et la création d'une unité territoriale autonome - Hervé Rihal p. 5 pages
  • Le point sur : Les conséquences de la réforme des modes d'élection et de fonctionnement des conseils régionaux - Hervé Rihal p. 7 pages

Informations bibliographiques

• Notes de lecture

  • Kaluszynski (M.) et Wahnich (S.) éd., L'État contre la politique ? Les expressions historiques de l'étatisation, Paris, L'Harmattan (coll. «Logiques politiques»), 1998 - Jacques Chevallier p. 3 pages
  • Bonnefous (Marc), Le Sud et le Nord – Au-delà de la modernité, Paris, Economica, 1997 - Thomas Deschamps p. 2 pages
• Ouvrages reçus - p. 3 pages

La protection des données personnelles.

• La mise en |uvre de la directive en Suède : une source de remous juridiques. - Cécilia Magnusson-Sjoberg
• La transposition de la directive en Espagne - Juan Francisco Mestre Delgado

Le débat européen : quel mode de régulation ?

• Progrès technologique, protection de la vie privée, responsabilité politique - Herbert Burkert
• Directive européenne du 24 octobre 1995 relative à la protection des personnes physiques à l'égard de traitements des données à caractère personnel et à la libre circulation de ces données