Contenu du sommaire : La régulation - Nouveaux modes ? Nouveaux territoires ?

La régulation - Nouveaux modes ? Nouveaux territoires ?

• La régulation : la notion et le phénomène - M. Gérard TIMSIT, professeur émérite à l'Université de Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne p. 5
  Regulation. The Concept and Phenomenon. Increased regulation is linked to the various crises affecting traditional types of normativity : imposed normativity in the context of the state; spontaneous normativity in that of the market. Regulation would seem to be a means not only of compensating for the failings of the market, but also of confronting the deficiencies of hierarchy. Over and beyond, it fills in for a lack of legitimacy by making normativity the best possible representation of the wishes of those whose activity it must govern. Regulation is thus a sign of an emerging dialogic democracy.

• La concurrence des modes et des niveaux de régulation

  • Introduction - M. Yves GAUDEMET, Professeur à l'Université de Paris II Panthéon-Assas p. 13
    There are at least two approaches to regulation, if not two definitions: 1) a strict concept defined by its object, function, and the field covered : regulation is the normative action temporarily accompanying the opening to competition of a market previously monopolised; 2) a notion identified by its forms: the presence of a “regulator” and the use of a rather vague normativity foreign to the usual and classic forms of law. With regulation, administrative action more or less follows the lines of the time honoured preference for “soft normativity”, that of “informal administrative actions”.
  • L'interrégulation dans le contexte de l'intégration européenne et de la mondialisation - M. Jacques ZILLER, Professeur à l'Institut universitaire européen de Florence p. 17
    Interregulation in the Context of European Integration and Globalisation. No sector today depends on a single level of decision-making : the end of former monopolies, geographic extension and the de-specialisation of economic activities have greatly increased the number of competent public authorities: local, regional, national, European, worldwide. Former modes of regulation have become obsolete, and in the past few years a true interregulation has empirically emerged to integrate this complexification. Described as intersectorial or multi-leveled, such interregulation poses a problem of coordination of competencies among regulators ; and although such coordination is a determining factor in Community organisation, it is particularly difficult to put in place in the European context.
  • Le rôle des acteurs privés dans les processus de régulation : participation, autorégulation et régulation privée - M. Fabrizio CAFAGGI, Professeur à l'Institut universitaire européen de Florence p. 23
    The Role of Private Actors in Regulation Processes : Participation, Self-Regulation, and Private Regulation. The recent development of private participation in regulatory activity must be understood as the advent of new models of rulemaking cooperations : co-regulation, delegated regulation, and recognized private regulation. These models reflect new convergences between regulation — usually considered in the public interest — and self regulation. On the basis of this observation, the author calls for the building of a new regulation law integrating these changes and redefining the distinction between public and private law.
  • Contribution(s) du modèle de concurrence régulatrice à l'analyse des modes et niveaux de régulation - Mme Ségolène BARBOU DES PLACES, Maître de conférences à l'Université de Nancy 2 p. 37
    Contribution(s) of the Regulatory Competition Model to the Analysis of Modes and Levels of Regulation. Not well known to French jurists, regulatory competition is an economic model in which the regulators themselves elaborate regulation, in function of the demand on the part of end-users and other regulators, viewed here as competitors. Elaborated in the United States, the aim of the theory is to make territories attractive by ensuring optimal regulation. The author presents three possible approaches to the model, shedding new light on the study of regulation in general.
  • Commentaire : Concurrence ou complémentarité ? À propos de la délégation des pouvoirs - M. Mark THATCHER, Senior lecturer, London School of Economics p. 49
    Competition or Complementarity ? About Delegation of Responsibility. Governments have a personal interest in delegating power to a regulation authority: they thus place certain rules out of the reach of changing majorities, deal with the technicity inherent in certain areas, have decisions accepted which they do not wish to take. New modes of regulation thus supplement government more than compete with it.

• La transformation des champs et des autorités de régulation

  • Les nouveaux champs de la régulation - Mme Marie-Anne FRISON-ROCHE, Professeur des Universités à Sciences Po p. 53
    New Fields of Regulation. Extending its scope to a growing number of sectors (banks, post offices, agri-food, telecommunications, etc.), regulation is gradually becoming a vital field of development. Since the role it plays is more one of anticipating risks than of ensuring competition, its “regulatory” and “prudential” functions tend to fuse. Besides the reorganisation of the sectors concerned — and even the relativisation of the notion of sectors and the breaking down of barriers between them — this tendency is a challenge to the concept of regulation itself and the importance it has taken on in the organisation of society.
  • La régulation nationale des télécommunications : une lecture économique néo-institutionnelle - M. Bertrand QUÉLIN, Professeur, Doyen-associé (Doct.) HEC, Mme Delphine RICCARDI, avocate, doct. HEC p. 65
    National Regulation of Telecommunications : a Neo-Institutional Economic Interpretation. Institutional economic analysis allows us to study the nature and limits of the network industries regulations set up in Europe on the national level. It brings to light the inadequate coordination between this level of regulation and the institutional environment, and the problems that result. In order to remedy the situation, it seems necessary to set up Community regulation authorities on a supra-national level in a better position to harmonise regulation frameworks and the fluidity of markets. The creation of such authorities would considerably reduce transaction costs and limit the assymetries of information which the main historical operators have always taken advantage of.
  • Régulation de l'Internet : des faux-semblants au retour à la réalité - M. Bertrand du MARAIS, Maître des requêtes au Conseil d'État p. 83
    Internet Regulation : from Illusion back to Reality. For a long time, Internet led us to believe in a world of total freedom where self-regulation would be the universal virtual panacea. However, we now see a return to more traditional concepts of network regulation : in reality, self-regulation seems to be an extremely controlled system — Internet has always been regulated and it is clear that the demand for confidence on the part of Internet users is reflected in the growing demand for regulation. Thus the emergence of a new institutional paradigm of economic development of technologies, characterises the changeover from an era of normalisation to one of standardisation.
  • Témoignages : Le cas de l'Autorité de régulation des marchés financiers - M. Hubert REYNIER, Inspecteur des finances, Autorité de régulation des marchés financiers p. 93
    The Case of the Financial Markets Regulation Authority Hubert Reynier. The creation in 2003 of the Financial Markets Regulation Authority (Autorité de régulation des marchés financiers), resulting from the merger of the Commission des opérations de Bourse and the Conseil des marchés financiers, reflects traditional principles of regulation : independence of the regulator, collegiality, and a clear sharing of responsibilities. It also illustrates present trends in financial regulation : the extension of the field of competence of the public regulator, the sharing of its competencies with the market, the redefinition of the financial market chain, and internationalisation.
  • Témoignages : Le cas de l'Autorité de régulation des télécommunications - M. Jean-Michel HUBERT, Vice-Président du Conseil général des technologies de l'information p. 99
    The Case of the Telecommunications Regulation Authority Jean-Michel Hubert The Telecommunications Regulation Authority shows that, given the function assigned to the regulator (to enable the liberalisation of a market and its opening to competition), its responsibility takes on several forms : an institutional form vis à vis the authorities appointing its members; a functional form for users and operators ; a moral form vis à vis other actors. This responsibility must be evaluated, but also subject to jurisdictional procedure. The Authority also shows that the regulator's independence, in regard to both public authorities and actors in the industrial and financial worlds, rests on the transparency, rigour, and fairness which condition the institution's credibility and trustworthiness.
  • Éléments de bibliographie - p. 105

• Débat autour de la LOLF

  • La mise en oeuvre de la gestion axée sur les résultats : leçons tirées de l'expérience québécoise - M. Jacques BOURGAULT, Professeur à l'Université de Québec p. 109
    Management by Results : Lessons from the Quebec experience. Four years after the Quebec administrative reforms, the author draws up an inventory report likely to provide insight into current discussions concerning the Act on public finance laws (LOLF) in France. The author points out 1) that it is easy for organisations to conform to directives dealing with the form of projects rather than with their spirit; 2) that reformers tend to assume that changes are easily assimilated and to underestimate the tensions resulting from reforms. Nonetheless, the upshot of the review is positive : besides having reached its objectives, the Quebec reform has led to the emergence of a common culture and to greater collaboration within the administration.
  • L'impact de la LOLF : questions clés du pilotage stratégique des opérateurs de l'État - Table ronde - p. 129
    The Impact of the Act on Public Finance Laws (LOLF) : Key Issues in the Strategic Round table organised at ENA on September 30,2003. The Act on public finance laws (LOLF) not only provides for a new set of budgetary rules. It introduces a change of considerable amplitude, to the extent that it will give rise to a new type of management and a new concept of the administration, based on piloting through results. This deep transformation raises a certain number of questions to which French and foreign experiences in matters of performance and evaluation can provide some elements of response. The analysis of such questions was the aim of this round table.

• Chroniques

  • Chronique de l'administration - Francis CHAUVIN, Bénédicte DELAUNAY, Carine MOREAU-SOULAY et Hervé RIHAL p. 157
  • Chronique du secteur public économique - André G. DELION et Michel DURUPTY p. 173
• Informations bibliographiques - coordonnées par Sandra DÉTRIE-LAVROFF p. 187