Contenu du sommaire : Précarisation et citoyenneté.

Bérengère Marques-Pereira : Citizenship : Social programmes and women's organisations in the Southern Cone. Social citizenship in the Southern Cone is looked at from the point of view of the modelling of women as a social actor. This modelling takes place in a relationship between women and the state which takes shape through social programmes and local organisations. This article highlights both the pitfalls and what is at stake. A renewal of clientelism and paternalism threatens the social programmes of "solidarity with the poor" or "the struggle against poverty", even if the demands for social rights go alongside social civism. It remains nonetheless true that women's citizenship rests on a process of individualisation, necessary to break with the different forms of guardianship inherent in gender relations and clientelist social relations.

Fiona Williams : The challenge of gender, ethnicity, race and migration to citizenship in the European Union This paper looks at the construction of citizenship within the European Union through a case study of a struggle by a (self-named) group of black and migrant women for civil, political and social rights. The paper demonstrates how this struggle exposes the circumscribed ways in which discourses of citizenship operate within the EU.

Nicole Sotteau-Léomant Christian Léomant : Young women facing social discrimination. The experiences of several young women living in an area which has been strongly affected by industrial restructuing show how gender discrimination intertwines with and sharpens other forms of discrimination, not to say exclusion, notably in relation to waged work. They talk about the social violence which they experience because they are first and foremost women, because they are mothers, because they live in this or that badly-considered town, because, for some of them, they have names which reflect North African or Black African immigration. This violence is an attack on the gendered identity which they affirm and which underlies their fightback and their initiatives in the struggle to obtain the conditions necessary for a life without precarity and for the rights which make it possible to exercise their citizenship.

Blandine Veith : Immigrant women : from involvement in associations to the work dynamic. The first generation immigrant women who live in the popular suburbs are among the layers the hardest hit by social precarity. Some of them attempt to create work collectives, supported by multi-cultural women's associations. Who are these immigrants ? What resources do they mobilise ? Associations are places where they can build an independent, citizen's future of solidarity ; an intermediary space between the private sphere and the public sphere, a space where they can try to fight back against social precarity without totally escaping from its grip because the jobs and enterprises created by associations remain temporary, between the private sphere and the public sphere, a space where they can try to fight back against social precarity without totally escaping from its grip because the jobs and enterprises created by associations remain temporary.

Béatrice Appay : Unemployed women : From revolt to resistance. Casualisation atomises, divides, fragments and destructures soldiarity networks. The disorganisation of family links, of collective work organisation, the decline in trade unions, are striking examples of this. To go from there to the association of casualisation and individualism is just a step. However the scope and intensity of the social movements of 1995 and the unemployed moment do not fit very well with this idea. The hypothesis is therefore that social precarity, as a structural process of fragmentation, insitutionalises instability but also creates forms of resistance and solidarity in which women have an important role. The experiences of three women affected by unemployment help in understanding this paradox and make it possible to develop another hypothesis : social precarity, as it becomes more general and deeper, will also generate a common situation of which people will begin to become individually and collectively conscious.

Alain Pichon, Michel Bitard, Elisabeth Faure : Women and men managers : From the casualisation of work to strucutral arrangements of family solidarity With the changes in the French productive system, managers, technicians and engineers, of all age groups, are affected by the casualisation of work. The image of "at work" and "away from work" are changing for male executives while the notion of employment as an inalienable gain of women is strengthening for women executives. From this dual evolution comes a new organisation of family life marked by a new division of roles and a dual solidarity, both familial and and financial. Finally three forms of organisation emerge, remarkable in the sexual division of labour which characterises them and by their ability to adapt to their context of casualisation.

Ute Gerhard : Feminism and the law. Towards a feminist and contextualized concept of equality On the background of the feminist debate on equality and/or difference the author argues for a contextualized and dynamic understanding of equality. In the long tradition of European juridical discourse the equality principle, though always contested, never meant sameness but presupposes that the persons or quantities being compared are different. Assimilating equality with sameness is derived from a different legal framework (the American one) and therefore misleading, as shown here. The postmodern feminist theories of law are criticized because they neglect differing contexts and the dynamics of history. It is obvious that social movements, particularly the women's movement played a crucial role in defining a new understanding of equality. In this respect, the German institutional framework is discussed underscoring the distinction between rights and morals und the meaning of a constitutionally guaranteed equality.