Contenu du sommaire

Anne Barrère, Danilo Martuccelli : Citizenship at school : towards the definition of a sociological issue. In the present day context, where a number of problems related to school and standards are to be found, the notion of citizenship at school has taken on new signification. This article presents an analysis of this signification and develops the multi-meaning notions involved along four principle axes. It is not possible to describe the situation as a citizenship « crisis » within schools, as this is just the initial stage and the notions have not yet taken up the form of a political organization, but are more this way inclined than in the past. However, each axis creates different tensions for those involved which, in time, may result in autonomy, thus giving rise to a « number » of school citizenships cut off from each other.

Franck Cochoy, Jean-Pierre Garel, Gilbert de Terssac : How the written word operates on organization : the case of Iso 9000 standards. This article analyses how quality-assessment standards « Iso 9000 » affect a firm, basing the study on a particular case. It is observed that by asking all members of an organization to write systematically about their work practice, the Iso 9000 referential makes way for a redistribution of cards within the organization, as well as for a more global renewal of normative production. The quality-assessment system modifies the balance in work relations, by involving all the personnel in the « organization task », in other words in a job that was originally carried out by management. Moreover, it places each actor in front of a dilemma opposing, on the one hand, the written recognition of his field of responsibility, and, on the other hand, the possibility of being supervised more closely due to the written instructions applying to his work practice.

Maurice Cassier : Sharing knowledge in the scientific network : inventing rules for « good conduct » among researchers. Due to new forms of collective invention, research networks or consortia, new rules are required to manage this knowledge, allowing for both a mutual sharing of knowledge and at the same time a certain degree of individual protection, or the right for university researchers to publish material, while keeping a reservation on results asked for by industrial firms. Researchers working on the Bridge lipase project came up with an ingenious way to diffuse data combining, at the same time, the possibilities to maintain the temporary reservation of rights for the data owner, to share the data within the collective sphere of the project and lastly to allow a relatively rapid publication of the data. This set of rules, developed by the researchers without any help from a legal department, will most likely be followed on scientific networks. These agreement consortia are bringing to light new rules, if not new rights, as regards knowledge management. project and lastly to allow a relatively rapid publication of the data. This set of rules, developed by the researchers without any help from a legal department, will most likely be followed on scientific networks. These agreement consortia are bringing to light new rules, if not new rights, as regards knowledge management.

Dominique Raynaud : Controversy between organicism and vitalism : study of sociology of scientific knowledge. The study of the dispute that broke out between the medical schools of Paris and Montpellier (1817-1852) shows that professional interests, but also philosophical and political factors drew the fitgets of Montpellier's school about its doctrine. But these factors are inable to explain the scientific contents. Further, the closure of the controversy did not result from a social negotiation of truth. It simply favoured the scholars who had major scientific productivity. This dispute so contradicts the principles of the relativistic program in the field of the sociology of scientific knowledge, and shows that some studies could have misunderstood the sense of a social determination of scientific contents.

Daniel Bizeul : The account of what happened during the survey : information treatment with full knowledge of all the facts. A large part of the information used by sociologists is obtained during the face-to-face stage of the survey, when the person in question is being interviewed. The quality of the information obtained thus depends partly on the type of relation that exists between the interviewer and interviewee. However, strict or ingenious the survey strategies are, they cannot, when in the midst of action, override the relations which exist. Accounting for how the interview went and its consequences on the treatment of the information obtained, becomes a useful element of the study and contributes to a more global analysis of what happened during the survey and even makes it possible to show some of the parameters.